Posibacteria ⇒ Firmicutes {10000133} Record Keys Parent:Posibacteria Definition:Firmicutes Details Initialisation date:2020-09-06 LinksSource Meta Information Rank: Phylum Domain: Bacteria Zone:[ ] Enzyme:[ ] Function:Anti-inflammatory Notes: [ ]Shared Reference Notes [1.1] [#Cutibacterium acnes, #Staphylococcus epidermidis] - #Acne > increased #Actinobacteria followed by Firmicutes and #Proteobacteria, #Cutibacterium,#Staphylococcus and #Corynebacterium. - C. acnes > major species in terms of mean abundance, followed by #Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and #Staphylococcus hominis (S. hominis); [1.2] [#Bacteriophage] - Firmicutes harbor a significantly higher viral diversity than the other types of bacteria. [1.3] - #Vitamin D deficiency produces intestinal dysbiosis, with a reduction of bacteria with anti-inflammatory properties (e.g., Firmicutes) and an increase in pathobiontic bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides and Proteobacteria). [1.4] [#Meat-based diet] - Animal-based regimen decreases the Firmicutes - Shifting to a #Plant-based diet would increase Firmicutes population - #Obesity alters the balance of Firmicutes in non-obese individuals to #Bacteroidetes phyla in obese ones. [1.5] - Another group of bacteria, named “heredipersistent”, appears to be ‘inherited’ within families. - These bacteria, which include Firmicutes, have a higher turnover rate than tenacious bacteria do. For this reason, re-infecting their human host is crucial for these microbes to persist in a specific individual. - The heredipersistent bacteria tend to be able to spread through spores, which would help transmission within a family. [1.6] - #Protein powder consumption > decrease in #Lachnospiraceae, #Roseburia, #Blautia, Synergistales, #Coprococcus, #Lactobacillales, Bacilli, #Bifidobacterium longum and Firmicutes. - #Protein powder consumption > higher abundance of #Bacteroidetes. [1.7] [#Premature infant] [#Bifidobacteria] - At the phylum level, Firmicutes were the dominant phylum in 95% of all meconium samples (highest abundance observed in the VPT neonates as compared to PT and FT neonates); the second most dominant phylum was Bacteroidetes in 50% of all meconium samples. [1.8] [#Chronic fatigue syndrome] - MC/CFS > microbiome alterations that were consistent with an increased inflammation of the gut, namely significantly increased #Lactonifactor and #Alistipes - in particular an increase of #Alistipes and a decrease of butyrate-producer #Faecalibacterium were considered as top biomarkers with potential diagnostic value - abundance of #Bifidobacterium and #Faecalibacterium to be reduced in the affected twin compared to the non-affected one. - Decreases in #Faecalibacterium and increases in #Coprobacillus were found. - Gut abundances of #Coprobacillus, of #Eggerthella and #Blautia were best able to distinguish patients from controls. - distinct microbial pattern with decreased anti-inflammatory Firmicutes [1.9] - Firmicutes and #Bacteroides are the main #Butyrate producing phyla [#Natural ear microbiota] - The microbiota of the ear canal is similar to that found on the skin. Therefore, #Corynebacterium, #Staphylococcus, and #Propionibacterium genera are prevalent taxa. - middle ear is actually colonized by Proteobacteria, #Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes [1.11] - #Low FODMAP diet > an increase in #Bacteroidetes, a decrease in Firmicutes species [1.12] [#Fecal Microbiota Transplantation] - recipients with higher donor strain engraftment were more likely to experience clinical success after FMT. - #Bacteroidetes and #Actinobacteria species (including Bifidobacteria) displayed higher engraftment than Firmicutes except for six under-characterized Firmicutes species. [1.13] [#Culinary herbs and spices] - higher Firmicutes to #Bacteroidetes ratio has been associated with #Obesity. - decrease in Firmicutes and increase in #Bacteroidetes following spice intervention in humans [1.14] [#Parkinson’s Disease] - Firmicutes enrichment as the primary driving force, and depletion of #Prevotella as secondary as it remained significant after removing Firmicutes. [1.15] [#Alzheimer’s disease] - AD > A positive correlation between the pro-inflammatory cytokines and Escherichia/Shigella (pro-inflammatory taxon) and a negative correlation with #Eubacterium rectale (anti-inflammatory taxon). - a decrease in Firmicutes and #Bifidobacterium and increased levels of #Proteobacteria, #Actinobacteria - a disputed frequency of #Bacteroidetes in various studies.. [1.16] [#Soft Tissue Sarcoma] - small but consistent proportion of bacterial DNA (0.02–0.03%) in all tumors, including #Proteobacteria, #Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, as well as viral species. [1.17] [#Natural Skin Microbiome] [#Infants] - Infant skin > 21 bacterial phyla with #Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, #Actinobacteria, and #Bacteroidetes being the most abundant. - the relative abundance of #Burkholderiaceae and #Staphylococcus, highly abundant after birth, decreased progressively, to the benefit of newly colonizing taxa such as #Streptococcus, #Veillonella, and #Enhydrobacter aerosaccus [1.18] [#Polyphenol-rich supplementation] - Four dietary #Polyphenols (rutin, #Quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and #Caffeic acid) can reduce the ratio of Firmicutes to #Bacteroides in in vitro gut microbiota experiments. [1.19] - Five bacterial phyla including Firmicutes, #Bacteroidetes, #Actinobacteria, #Proteobacteria, and #Fusobacteria can participate in #Tryptophan metabolism, being those belonging to the #Clostridium, #Burkholderia, #Streptomyces, #Pseudomonas or #Bacillus genera the most important modulators [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] [#High Fat Diet] - HF diets affect the composition of the gut microbiota limiting SCFAs production. - It reduces the diversity of bacterial strains and the abundance of #Bacteroidetes, promoting the growth of Firmicutes and #Proteobacteria. - Animal studies confirmed the rise in pro-inflammatory cytokines and plasma #Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with consequent pro-inflammatory signalling induced by NF-kB. [1.21] [#Human breast milk] - #Phosphatidylserine has implications for brain development in #Infants > induce major shifts in #Bacillota (Firmicutes): #Bacteroidota (#Bacteroidetes) ratio in human gut microbiomes. - #Clostridia and #Veillonella genera > use #Phosphatidylserine as a substrate to catalyse phosphatidylethanolamine and plasmenylethanolamine, both by employing respective phospholipid decarboxylase activities. [1.22] [#Gender] - #Depression > Female patients have a characteristic increase in the phyla #Actinobacteria, male patients have reduced #Bacteroidetes and both genders display disrupted Firmicutes homeostasis and elevated #Collinsella spp. abundance [1.23] [#Porphyromonas gingivalis] - P. gingivalis infection gives rise to microbiome dysbiosis. It increases serum endotoxin levels, allowing opportunistic pathogens to colonize in the oral cavity and stimulating the overgrowth of commensal microbes in the intestine (generally upregulates #Bacteroidetes and #Deferribacteres, and downregulates Firmicutes) [#Streptococcus mutans] - oral #Lantibiotics (it has a considerable antimicrobial effect on intestinal gram-positive bacteria) produced by S. mutans decrease the diversity of intestinal microbes and reduce the abundance of Firmicutes [1.24] - Higher proportions of #Bacteroidetes, namely #Prevotella, and lower proportions of Firmicutes (#Streptococcus, #Veillonella, #Gemella, and #Lactobacillaceae) are found in the duodenum compared with the jejunum. [#Natural Small intestine Microbiome] - The SI microbiota is composed primarily of facultative anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, in particular, belonging to the phyla Firmicutes, #Proteobacteria and #Actinobacteria. [1.25] - positive emotions were inversely associated with the relative abundance of Firmicutes bacterium CAG 94 and #Ruminococcaceae bacterium D16, while negative emotions were directly correlated with the relative abundance of these same species. [1.26] [#Ulcerative Colitis] [#Lactobacillus mucosae] - In ulcerative #Colitis, excessive epithelial repair results in lower PPAR-γ synthesis, which reduces beta-oxidation and increases oxygenation of colonocytes. Inflamed mucosae in #Colitis patients are increased in #Proteobacteria, a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria, but decreased in gram-positive Firmicutes. Treatment with PPAR-γ agonist, however, can improve the microbial balance [1.27] - In acute #Colitis, #Melatonin led to increased clinical, systemic and intestinal inflammatory parameters. - During remission, continued MLT administration delayed recovery, increased TNF, memory effector lymphocytes and diminished spleen regulatory cells. - MLT treatment reduced #Bacteroidetes and augmented #Actinobacteria and #Verrucomicrobia phyla in mice feces. - Microbiota depletion resulted in a remarkable reversion of the #Colitis phenotype after MLT administration, including a counter-regulatory immune response, reduction in TNF and colon macrophages. - There was a decrease in #Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and, most strikingly, #Verrucomicrobia phylum in recovering mice. Finally, these results pointed to a gut-microbiota-dependent effect of MLT in the potentiation of intestinal inflammation. [1.28] [#Obesity] - #Broccoli intervention increased the relative abundance of #Bacteroidetes and reduced the relative abundance of Firmicutes. [1.29] [#Prevotellaceae] - Four taxa were found to be significantly higher in blueberry treatments compared to no blueberry controls, i.e., two Actinobacteriota and listed as uncultured from the order #Coriobacteriales, one from the phylum #Bacteroidota family Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, and one from the Firmicutes family #Anaerovoracaceae XIII_UCG-001. [#Acute lymphoblastic leukemia] - reduction in the relative abundance of Firmicutes in #Children with ALL at the time of diagnosis compared with controls [#Children, #Infants] - Firmicutes, the phylum with the most substantive expansion during the developmental phase of gut microbiome maturation (3–14 months). [1.31] - #Glyphosate exposure in rats led to increased #Bacteroidota (formerly known as #Bacteroidetes) and decreased #Bacillota (formerly known as Firmicutes) bacteria in the gut. [1.32] - The Firmicutes phylum comprises Gram-positive bacteria with low G + C DNA content and is composed of more than 200 different genera, such as #Lactobacillus, #Bacillus, #Clostridium, #Enterococcus, and Ruminicoccus. - Firmicutes, such as #Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani, #Clostridium perfringens, and #Staphylococcus aureus, can produce proteinaceous toxins. - especially in #Crohn’s disease, is the decreased abundance of Firmicutes bacteria belonging to two families that are important functional members of the human gut microbiota─#Ruminococcaceae and #Lachnospiraceae─to which most #Butyrate-producing bacteria in the human gut belong. - #Diabetes Type 1 > negative correlation has been reported between plasma #Glucose level and #Bifidobacterium, #Lactobacillus spp., and Firmicutes and #Bacteroidetes spp., while there has been positive correlation between #Clostridium and plasma #Glucose level. - The duodenum has a pH of 5–6.8. Bacterial numbers are 103–104 cells/mL where Firmicutes predominate. - Other important Firmicutes genera are #Listeria, #Paenibacillus, #Staphylococcus, #Streptococcus, #Pediococcus, and #Leuconostoc. [#Irritable bowel syndrome] - IBS was typified by enhanced quantities of Firmicutes and specifically in #Ruminococcus, #Clostridium, and #Dorea, along with a distinct decrease of beneficial microbes, such as #Bifidobacterium and #Faecalibacterium spp [1.33] [#High Fat Diet] - The abundance of Firmicutes and the ratio of Firmicutes to #Bacteroidetes increased in mice fed an HFD, but this increase was prevented by dietary #Nitrate. [1.34] - The human gut microbiome has been sorted into five “enterosignatures.” - These are dominated by #Bacteroides, Firmicutes, #Prevotella, #Bifidobacterium, or #Escherichia. [1.35] [#Gastric carcinoma] - Gastric mucosal biopsies from intra-epithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma patients have shown a higher abundance of #Actinobacteria, #Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and #Fusobacteria [#Pancreatic Cancer] - pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma samples have been shown to be enriched for #Proteobacteria, #Bacteroides, and Firmicutes compared to normal pancreatic tissue [1.36] [#High Fat Diet] - HFD promotes Firmicutes and reduces #Bacteroidetes, i.e., high Firmicutes/#Bacteroidetes ratio. - HFD enhances the proportion of #Butyrate-producing bacteria. While elevated Firmicutes/#Bacteroidetes ratio and #Butyrate-producing bacteria are generally linked to a healthful status [1.37] - The #Clostridium genus represents 95% of Firmicutes. [#Sjögren syndrome ] - Sjogren’s syndrome > an increase in #Bacteroidetes, an opportunistic commensal, and a decrease in Firmicutes and #Faecalibacterium > decreased Treg cells - the degree of dysbiosis was partly correlated with the severity of ocular surface disease. [1.38] [#Green Tea] - tea #Polyphenols (TP) significantly decreases the Firmicutes/#Bacteroidetes ratio. - Suppression of Firmicutes by tea #Polyphenols and their metabolites favors #Bacteroidetes in the gut of mice, indicating that tea #Polyphenols has a modulatory effect on the composition of the intestinal microbiota. [1.39] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] [#Faecalibacterium prausnitzii] - Decreased abundance on Firmicutes bacteria belonging to the #Ruminococcaceae spp., #Lachnospiraceae spp, F. prausnitzii and #Roseburia spp. families is a signature of microbial dysbiosis in IBD. - #Propionate biosynthesis at phylum level occurs via two modes: the #Lactate pathway regulated by Firmicutes and the #Succinate pathway by #Bacteroidetes - #Butyrate production is enhanced in the presence of Firmicutes, while #Bacteroidota favor #Acetate and #Propionate production - relatively higher #Lactate levels, coupled with Firmicutes abundance in LEN, favored #Butyrate production. [1.41] - #Propionate is produced by some Firmicutes, #Bacteroidetes, and #Verrucomicrobia, especially #Akkermansia muciniphila [1.42] - Celiac > microbiota is abundant with pro-inflammatory Gram-negative species, such as #Proteobacteria, Bacterioides, #Prevotella, ecc., while it is poor in probiotic ones, such as Firmicutes, #Actinobacteria, #Bifidobacteria, #Lactobacilli, and Streptococceae, which have instead a protective rol [1.43] [#Natural Skin Microbiome] - Firmicutes, #Proteobacteria, and #Actinobacteria as the primary active microbial phyla in Chamliyal #Clay. - These resemble those abundant in a healthy human skin microbiome. - This is significant as lower levels of these phyla in the skin are linked to inflammatory skin conditions like #Psoriasis. [1.44] [#Animal-based diet, #Animal fat consumption] - animal-based diets (typically called a “Western” diet with high amounts of animal fat and protein, and processed carbohydrates) induce decreased levels of beneficial species within the Firmicutes phyla and strains from the genus #Prevotella; while levels of bile-tolerant, inflammation-associated #Proteobacteria, such as #Bilophila, and #Bacteroides are increased [#fruit vegetable juice] - Consumption of fruit/vegetable juice for 3 days followed by 14 days of habitual diet also reduced Firmicutes and #Proteobacteria, with a significant increase in #Bacteroidetes and #Cyanobacteria - #Broccoli containing both dietary fibre and glucosinolates (plant secondary metabolites) exerted a 9% decrease in Firmicutes, while causing a reciprocal increase in the phyla #Bacteroidetes [1.45] [#Prostate cancer] [#Aging, #Gender] - The number of Firmicutes and serum testosterone levels were positively associated with older male participants. [1.46] - A complete #Riboflavin operon is present in all Baceteroidetes and #Fusobacteria, as well as in 92% of #Proteobacteria - half of the Firmicutes are predicted to be #Riboflavin producers [1.47] [#Autism] - The increased abundance of #Clostridia and #Desulfovibrio and #Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio were related to the severity of ASD and gastrointestinal symptoms. [#Autism] - The levels of oxytocin and #DHEA-S, which have been considered to be etiologies of ASD, were significantly lower in the plasma of #Children with ASD - decreased #DHEA-S levels and a lower #Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio which increased after #Probiotic implementation [1.48] [#Fructooligosaccharides, #humanized Galactooligosaccharides] - #Actinobacteria, #Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, can ferment FOS, GOS, and xylooligosaccharides (XOS). [#Bacteroides] - gut pH changes from 6.5 to 5.5 can contribute to a change in the composition and population of the gut microbiota. - The pH alteration can change the population of acid-sensitive species, such as Bacteroids, and promote #Butyrate formation by Firmicutes. - This process is called butyrogenic effect. [#humanized Galactooligosaccharides] - GOSs can greatly stimulate #Bifidobacteria and #Lactobacilli. #Bifidobacteria in #Infants have shown high incorporation with GOS. Enterobacteria, #Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes are also stimulated by GOS, but to a lesser extent than #Bifidobacteria [1.49] [#Estrogen] - Increasing estradiol was correlated with an increase in #Bacteroidetes and a decrease in Firmicutes, leading women with low estradiol to have a higher Firmicutes to #Bacteroidetes ratio. [#Keto diet] - KD intervention reduced the abundance of Firmicutes in the patient’s gut, while the abundance of #Bacteroidota increased in the KD group. [1.51] [#Clostridium cluster IV, #Clostridium clusters XIVa] [#Butyrate] - The predominant butyrogenic bacterial species, including #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, #Clostridium spp., #Eubacterium spp., and #Roseburia spp., are from two clusters (#Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa) in the Firmicutes phylum and the #Clostridiales order [1.52] [#Gastric bypass surgery] - Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) resulted in clear alteration in composition of gut fungal and bacterial microbiota. - Before surgery, patients had higher levels of Firmicutes and #Actinobacteria and lower levels of #Verrucomicrobia - #Faecalibacterium and #Bifidobacterium showed a decrease after surgery and aerotolerant #Streptococcus was increased postoperatively. - The relative abundance of #Proteobacteria was increased after surgery. - Changes in fungal microbiota composition included decreases in #Candida and #Saccharomyces and increases in #Pichia. - levels of #Verrucomicrobia and #Proteobacteria increased after the surgery procedure - Bifidobacteriaceae abundance decreased, whereas Streptococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae increased after surgery. - RYGB led to increased Firmicutes and #Actinobacteria phyla but decreased #Bacteroidetes phylum [#Colorectal cancer] - reduction of #Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and increase of #Proteobacteria in patients undergoing surgery for CRC. [1.53] [#Human breast milk] - breastfed #Infants generally have a higher abundance of #Bifidobacterium and decreased abundance of #Bacteroides and Firmicutes compared to non-breastfed #Infants [1.54] [#Breast cancer] - live bacteria from three main phyla—#Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and #Actinobacteria—can be found in breast tumors. - Although species belonging to the #Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla accounted for most of the detected bacterial sequences in all #Cancer types, the #Proteobacteria to Firmicutes (P/F) ratio appears to vary between tumor types [#Colorectal cancer] - bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes and #Bacteroidetes phyla were the most abundant species in colorectal tumors [1.55] [#Natural Nose microbiome] - Firmicutes and #Proteobacteria are abundantly present in #Children, whereas #Actinobacteria are over-represented in adults. [1.56] [#Colorectal cancer] - CRC patient’s intestinal microbiome > cancer is often associated with an increase of the major #Butyrate producing taxa, Firmicutes, coupled with decreased levels of #Proteobacteria [1.57] [#Obesity] - In obese people, high indigestible carbohydrate intake can significantly increase Firmicutes bacteria such as Ruminococci, #Roseburia, and #Eubacterium rectale, whereas a lack of dietary fermentable carbohydrate intake can significantly decrease #Butyric acid-producing bacteria and, consequently, fecal #Butyric acid content [1.58] - SEP #Faecalibacticin-3 from the gut microbiome (produced by #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, of the phylum Firmicutes) displayed cross-phylum antagonism targeting several specific organisms from the phylum #Bacteroidetes. [1.59] [#High-protein diet] - #Intestinibacter of Firmicutes phylum was positively correlated with protein-derived energy. - Firmicutes were higher in abundance in the prefasting stage than at the end of Ramadan #Fasting, while they were significantly decreased at the end of Ramadan #Fasting [#Obesity] - weight loss is associated with reduced #Butyrate production by specific gut microbiota bacteria, such as the #Lactobacillus and #Bifidobacterium genera belonging to the Firmicutes phylum [#Obesity] - individuals with an overweight phenotype have increased levels of specific bacterial genera in the Firmicutes phylum, including #Blautia, #Coprococcus, and #Dorea [#Natural Skin Microbiome] [#Actinobacteria] - Belly button (BB) and between toes (BT) (moist microenvironment) were mainly comprised of Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes; behind ears (BE) (oily microenvironment) was dominated by Firmicutes; and calves (CA) and forearms (FA) (dry microenvironment) included a combination of those three phyla. - BB and BT (moist microenvironment) were dominated by #Staphylococcus and #Corynebacterium, BE (oily microenvironment) by #Staphylococcus and #Anaerococcus, while CA and FA (dry microenvironment) showed a high proportion of #Staphylococcus and #Corynebacterium, but also of #Streptococcus and #Escherichia-#Shigella. #Anaerococcus was also highly abundant in BB. [1.61] [#Metabolic syndrome] - #Psoriasis > #Balneotherapy and thermal water drinkin > increase in Firmicutes bacterium CAG95 in gut, which was previously identified as the species with the highest association with metabolic health. [1.62] [#Bilirubin, #Urobilin ] - The majority of bilR genes were identified in Firmicutes species, including common human gut species such as #Roseburia intestinalis, #Roseburia inulinivorans and #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. - BilR is predominantly encoded by Firmicutes species > #Bilirubin-reducing capacity of the human gut microbiota is largely influenced by the abundance of Firmicutes-associated #Bilirubin reducers. [1.63] - the gut microbiome of patients with #Chronic periodontitis had a higher abundance of the Firmicutes, #Proteobacteria, #Verrucomicrobia and #Euryarchaeota phylum and a lower abundance of the #Bacteroidetes phylum, plus the diversity of the microbiota was decreased. [1.64] [#Radiofrequency field] - #Lactobacillus, the #Probiotic in Firmicutes, showed a significantly increased abundance after 3 weeks RF exposure [1.65] [#Systemic lupus erythematosus] - SLE patients have intestinal flora imbalance. It is characterized by a significant decrease in Firmicutes/#Bacteroidetes ratio, a decrease in intestinal flora diversity, an increase in the number of Gram-negative bacteria, and an increase in serum #Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [1.66] [#Metabolic syndrome] - The higher DMI in stool #Bacteroidetes links traditional #Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio or enterotypes to new insights in the context of metabolic disorders. [1.67] [#Grade of Crow’s feet wrinkles] - Bacteria associated with low GCFW, including taxa from the two major skin phyla Firmicutes and #Actinobacteria > include Staphylococcus (taxon classified as #Staphylococcus equorum) as well as #Kocuria, #Peptostreptococcus, and #Lysobacter, which have been shown to be both skin and environment-related taxa. [1.68] [#High temperature and humidity] - HTH caused a distinct alteration of gut microbiota charactered as increased Firmicutes/ #Bacteroidetes ratio, decreased #Prevotellaceae UCG-001 accompanied with increased #Lachnoclostridium and #Candidatus saccharimonas at day 7. #Prevotellaceae UCG-001, involved in saccharolytic fermentation, probably contributed to the decreased plasma #Butyric acid level. - the decreased #Butyric acid recovered rapidly and could not explain the #GLP-1 suppression as butyrate supplement could not alleviate #GLP-1 decline [1.69] - #Copper beads > #Enterobacteriaceae (EB) increased, while #Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) decreased during the treatment period. - When beads were removed from the feed, EB and LAB concentrations returned to baseline. - #Copper bead supplementation > increase in Firmicutes, #Euryarchaeota, and #Acidobacteriota, while at the genus level, an increase in #Methanosphaera and #Pseudomonas was observed. - #Proteobacteria and Firmicutes are major phyla in the duodenal mucosa [1.71] [#Cushing’s disease] - #Collinsella, a genus form of the #Actinobacteria phylum was present in CD patients only, whereas #Sutterella, a genus from #Proteobacteria phylum, was scarcely detectable/undetectable in CD patients as well as #Lachnospira, a genus of the #Lachnospiraceae family of the Firmicutes phylum.References Notes[ ]
