Disease ⇒ Cancer ⇒ Breast cancer {40000376}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - The abundance of #Akkermansia muciniphila, as a key player of #Propionate production, is associated with the richness of the gut microbiota in patients with Breast cancer
• - The proportions of #Blautia and F. Prausnitzii and absolute numbers of #Blautia and Bifidobacterium species in the gut microbiome are directly correlated with the clinical stage of Breast cancer. - For instance, patients with stage 1 Breast cancer had a lower number of gut #Blautia sp. in comparison with the ones with stage grade 3
• - #Cadaverine as a biogenic amine is formed through the direct decarboxylation of L-lysine. - It is reported that #Cadaverine biosynthesis is reduced in the gut in early-stage Breast cancer], resulting in lower production of an anti-cancer bacterial metabolite and reduced BC invasion
• - #Enterolactone may act as a selective modulator of estrogen signaling and may be associated with lowering the risk of BC.
• [#Antibiotic Therapy] - Overuse of antibiotics might reduce the plasma level of lignan #Enterolactone; therefore, it might directly affect the microbiome populations and increase the BC risk
• - Estrobolome, the bacterial gene mass in the human intestine, the products of which take part in estrogens metabolism, may increase the risk of #Estrogen receptor-positive BC in postmenopausal females. - Changes in gut microbiome composition may lead to the #Estrogen metabolism alternation and affect the BC risk.
• - #Lithocholic acid can inhibit Breast cancer progression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis via activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and other proteins involved in the antioxidant defense system.
• [#Plant-based diet] - Intestinal bacteria can turn some plant lignans such as flaxseed, sunflower, caraway, pumpkin, legumes, and soybean, into mammalian lignans with protective effects against Breast cancer]. - High consumption of raw vegetables showed a significant protective effect against BC risk.
• [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - Propionate, acetate, and butyrate are the three most predominant SCFAs and are well-known modulators for cell invasion and apoptosis in Breast cancer.
• [1.2] [#Antibiotic Therapy] 
  - Antibiotic-induced perturbation of the gut microbiota > increases tumor progression in multiple BrCa mouse models > increased number of cells with a stromal signature in tumors > increased abundance of mast cells in the tumor stromal regions. - Re-supplementation of antibiotic-treated mice with #Faecalibaculum rodentium > restored tumor growth to control levels - Mast cell stabilizer, #Cromolyn > decreases tumor growth only in antibiotic treated animals
• [1.3] [#Photobiomodulation] 
• [1.4] [#Colorectal cancer, #Thyroid carcinoma] [#Hydrogen sulfide] 
  - H2S at a safe and nontoxic concentration can protect not only healthy cells, such as neurons, but also cancerous cells from apoptosis. - In a variety of cancers, including #Ovarian cancer, #Oral cancer, thyroid cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, etc., the upregulation of H2S-producing enzyme CBS > can enhance the proliferation ability of cancer cells and make cancer cells more sensitive to it
• - #Fucoidan > increasing the diversity of the intestinal flora composition and increasing the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes phylum ratio > can restore intestinal wall damage in mice > prevent the occurrence of breast cancer
• [1.5] 
  - Permutation testing with FDR control revealed taxa differences for fat% in Firmicutes, Bacilli, Bacillales, Staphylococcaceae and genus Staphylococcus, and fibrosis% in Firmicutes, Spirochaetes, Bacilli, Bacillales, Spirochaetales, Proteobacteria RF32, Sphingomonadales, Staphylococcaceae, and genera Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Spirochaetes, Actinobacteria Adlercreutzia.
• [1.6] 
  - Establishing commensal dysbiosis, defined as an inflammatory gut microbiome with low biodiversity, prior to breast tumor initiation, enhances early dissemination of hormone-receptor–positive (HR+) mammary tumor cells. - Commensal dysbiosis increased both the frequency and pro-fibrogenicity of mast cells in normal, non-tumor-bearing mammary tissues, a phenotypic change that persisted after tumor implantation.
• [1.7] [#Ovarian cancer, #Pancreatic Cancer] 
  - Fungi were detected in 35 #Cancer types and were often intracellular. - 0%–25% of the tumors per #Cancer type to be positive for either β-glucan or Aspergillus staining. - fungal staining was mainly evident within #Cancer cells in pancreatic, breast, and ovarian #Cancer, it mostly localized to macrophages in #Melanoma and lung cancers
• [1.8] [#Oral administration of Metformin] 
  - Metformin treatment is associated with reduced breast cancer incidence, recurrence and mortality. - metformin treatment was significantly associated with decreased levels of #Citrulline, #Arginine, #Tyrosine, caffeine, paraxanthine, and theophylline, and increased levels of leucine, isoleucine, proline, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate, 4-methyl-2-oxovalerate, alanine and indoxyl-sulphate. - Long-chain unsaturated phosphatidylcholines were significantly decreased with the metformin treatment, as were phospholipid-derived long-chain n-6 fatty acids. - The metabolomic profiles of metformin treatment suggest change in specific biochemical pathways known to impair cancer cell growth including activation of CYP1A2, alterations in fatty acid desaturase activity, and altered metabolism of specific amino acids, including impaired branched chain amino acid catabolism.
• [1.9] 
  - Breast cancer intramural Microbial biomarkers #Acinetobacter, #Citrobacter, #Enterobacter, #Staphylococcus, #Paracoccus and #Akkermansia were differentially abundant in breast tumors from #Black women compared with those from white women.
• - #Actinomyces and #Veillonella were more abundant in breast tumors of #White Women than in those of Black women.
• - Breast cancer intramural Microbial biomarkers #Asian Women showed microbial biomarkers such as #Pseudomonas and #Methylobacter.
• - #Enterobacter, #Bacteroides, and #Bifidobacterium were more abundant in patients with BC. - #Pseudomonas, #Staphylococcus, #Acinetobacter, and #Corynebacterium 1 were more abundant in healthy controls.
• - breast cancer risk was increased by the addition of #Garlic, #Bellflower root, and #Onion
• - Supplementation with #Pumpkin, #Turmeric, #Lotus root, and #Cabbage reduced the BC risk in HFD-fed mice through SD-M and LD-M, respectively. - #Cabbage increased the risk of BC through ML-M
• - Breast cancer risk drastically decreased with the addition of #Ginger in both SD-M and LD-M.
• [1.11] [#Menopause] [#Soybean] 
  - soy #Isoflavone intake is associated with a modest reduction in menopausal hot flushes and decreased breast and #Prostate cancer risk.
• [1.12] 
  - #Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, has been shown to be present in various types of breast cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. - The cell cycle, checkpoints, DNA damage–repair, proto-oncogenes, and cancer-related signaling pathways are mostly affected by B. burgdorferi infection.
• [1.13] [#kynurenine] 
  - ~50% of patients with BrCa have higher rates of KP metabolism as compared to controls
• [1.14] [#Iodine] 
  - I2 decreases the invasive potential of a triple negative basal #Cancer cell line, and under in vivo conditions the oral supplement of this halogen activates the antitumor immune response, preventing progression of xenografts from laminal and basal mammary #Cancer cells.
• [1.15] 
• [1.16] 
  - breast tumors had a richer and more diverse microbiome than all other tumor types. - bacterial load and richness were higher in the breast tumor samples than those found in normal breast samples from healthy subjects
• - The most significantly enriched pathways in bacteria within ER+ breast tumors were arsenate detoxification and mycothiol biosynthesis. - Mycothiol is used by bacteria to detoxify reactive oxygen species. - Because ER+ breast tumors are known to have increased oxidative stress compared with ER− tumors > bacteria with the ability to synthesize mycothiol can better survive in the ER+ tumor microenvironment.
• [#Pancreatic Cancer] - #Fusobacterium nucleatum, previously reported to be enriched in colorectal tumors, was also a hit in our breast and pancreatic tumor cohorts
• - live bacteria from three main phyla—#Proteobacteria, #Firmicutes, and #Actinobacteria—can be found in breast tumors.
• - different subtypes of breast cancer according to their #Estrogen receptor (ER), #Progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 status,> multiple bacterial taxa whose prevalence was different between the subtypes.
• [1.17] [#Lipopolysaccharide] 
  - Breast Cancer > No evidence of LPS expression within cancer cells. - Instead, LPS immunoreactivity was observed in ducts or immune cells, specifically macrophages.
• [1.18] [#Ascorbic acid] 
  - higher vitamin C intake is significantly associated with reduced breast cancer incidence and mortality.
• [1.19] [#Crohn’s disease, #Inflamatory bowel disease] 
  - IBD caused a high risk of breast cancers. - CD had a potential causal relationship with breast cancer.
• [#Cancer] [#Metformin] [#Keto diet] - animals treated with the combination regimen showed significantly lower tumor burden, higher tumor latency and slower tumor growth. - lowering systemic #Glucose by this combined dietary and pharmacologic approach improved overall survival in our mouse model by 31 days, which is approximately equivalent to 3 human years.
• [1.21] 
  - enterotoxigenic #Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) was highly enriched in the tumors of patients who did not respond to taxane-based neoadjuvant #Chemotherapy. - ETBF, albeit at low biomass, secreted the toxic protein #BFT-1 to promote breast cancer cell stemness and chemoresistance. - #BFT-1 directly bound to NOD1 and stabilized NOD1 protein.

References Notes