Antibiotic Therapy {50000120}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - Recent exposure to antibiotics is the best predictor of decreased #Prevotella.
• [1.2] 
  - #Autism patients who have had their intestinal microbiota remodeled through the administration of antibiotics or bacterial transfer therapy in the intestine, presented with attenuated symptoms of ASD
• [1.3] [#Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome] 
  - While antibiotics likely affect the microbiome, our results suggest that antibiotic influence alone cannot explain the distinctive microbiomes of PTLDS patients.
• [1.4] 
  - Commensal microbiota is normalized a few weeks after antibiotic treatment secession.
• [#Breast cancer] - Overuse of antibiotics might reduce the plasma level of lignan #Enterolactone; therefore, it might directly affect the microbiome populations and increase the BC risk
• [1.5] [#Obesity] 
  - Early antibiotic exposure in animal models has shown that reductions in the population size of specific microbiota, such as Lactobacillus, Allobaculum, Rikenellaceae, and Candidatus Arthromitus, are related to subsequent adiposity.
• [1.6] 
  - #Bacteroidota, are well-adapted to their human host and can be extremely persistent across individuals, families, and geographic areas. As their human host grow up, these bacteria are able to persist in the gut by switching to different nutrition sources. The researchers named these bacteria “tenacious”. However, tenacious bacteria are the most likely to be lost from the microbiota after antibiotic use
• [1.7] 
• [1.8] [#Colorectal cancer] 
• [1.9] [#Cancer] 
  - Antibiotic treatments have been shown to decrease the effectiveness of anti-PD-L1 antibody therapy
• [#Breast cancer] - Antibiotic-induced perturbation of the gut microbiota > increases tumor progression in multiple BrCa mouse models > increased number of cells with a stromal signature in tumors > increased abundance of mast cells in the tumor stromal regions. - Re-supplementation of antibiotic-treated mice with #Faecalibaculum rodentium > restored tumor growth to control levels - Mast cell stabilizer, #Cromolyn > decreases tumor growth only in antibiotic treated animals
• [1.11] [#Osteoporosis] 
  - Antibiotic therapy with Broad-spectrum beta-lactam, amoxicillin > greater abundance of #oxalate-degradation genes present in the gut microbiome post-antibiotic treatment > A reduction in levels of #oxalate, a major calcium-binding anion in the intestinal lumen > facilitate a greater availability and absorption of calcium from the intestines > enhancing bone mineralisation > increase in Bone Mineral Density
• [1.12] 
  - The longer the narrow-spectrum treatment > the higher the differences between the pre- and the post-treatment microbial composition. - The antibiotic class resistance genes were higher in abundance in post-treatment after broad-spectrum treatment.
• [1.13] 
  - Macrolide exposure was associated with reduced richness for twice as long as penicillin. - Antbiotic at childhud > reduced #Bifidobacteria (5 studies) and #Lactobacillus (2 studies), and significant increases in #Proteobacteria such as E. coli (4 studies).
• [1.14] [#Colorectal cancer] 
• [1.15] [#Serotonin] 
  - Gut Dysbiosis > increase hypothalamic microRNA-204 (miR-204), a microRNA > reduce SIRT1 and BDNF > decrease in the sympathetic nerve activity > increase the browning of WAT > #Obesity
• [1.16] [#Parkinson’s Disease] 
  - Depletion of the gut microbiota through administration of antibiotics was associated with statistically significant improvement in various motor symptoms (duration and severity of dyskinesia, duration of medication “off” state, functional impact of motor functions, and complexity of motor fluctuations) among 14 individuals with PD.
• [1.17] [#Leukemia] 
  - Lukemia >Exposure to antibiotics, in particular piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin (P-I-M), in the 4 weeks before therapy was associated with worse survival and increased neurotoxicity. - Lukemia > species within the class #Clostridia that were associated with day 100 complete response to Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy.
• [1.18] [#Cognitive impairment] 
  - Long-term antibiotic use in midlife is associated with small decreases in cognition assessed seven years later.
• [1.19] [#Urinary stone disease] 
  - antibiotics cause a rapid loss of gut microbial #oxalate metabolism, and while disturbed bacteria can partially recover over time, the ability to metabolize #oxalate does not. - This results in the accumulation of oxalates in the body and increases the risk of kidney stones.
• [#Diabetes Type 2] - Amylase levels were decreased in the pancreas by the HFD. Interestingly, however, these changes at the level of the pancreas were totally reversed by vancomycin treatment, while metronidazole treatment further decreased the amylase levels. - Elastase, on the other hand, showed a trend of increase in the pancreas of the HFD and metronidazole-treated groups and significantly increased with vancomycin treatment in the pancreas. - Lipase in pancreatic samples was also significantly increased with HFD feeding but normalized by both antibiotics
• [1.21] [#Infants treated with antibiotic] 
  - #Infants treated with antibiotics tend to have lower bacterial diversity as well as an increase of #Enterobacteriaceae and #Enterococcus
• [1.22] 
  - Selected antibiotics > Firmicutes were reduced whilst proteobacteria increased
• [1.23] [#Algal bloom toxin] 
  - Host resistome genotypes such as mefA, msrD, mel, ant6, and tet40 increased in diversity and relative abundance following microcystin-LR exposure. - the increased abundance of these genes was traced to resistance to common antibiotics such as tetracycline, macrolides, glycopeptide, and aminoglycosides, crucial for modern-day treatment of several diseases.
• [1.24] 
  - gut microbiome depletion by broad-spectrum antibiotics accelerated intraosseous tumor growth and osteolysis. - Microbiome depletion blunted #Melanoma-induced expansion of intestinal NK cells and Th1 cells and their migration from the gut to tumor-bearing bones.
• [1.25] 
  - In case of antibiotics treatment it decreases the production of SCFA like #Butyrate, #Propionate and #Acetate which increases inflammation.
• [#Peptic ulcer] - The population of #Actinobacteria is decreased by the use of #Helicobacter pylori treatment.
• [1.26] [#Lipopolysaccharide] [#Condition of chronic stress] 
  - stressor exposed mice had significantly altered community structure of their gut microbiota, with decreased abundance of the genus #Bacteroides and increased abundance of the genus #Clostridium. This was accompanied by increased circulating levels of IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). - In a follow-up experiment, animals were fed an antibiotic cocktail in the morning and evening by oral gavage, beginning three days before the stressor and continuing to the end of the experiment. Antibiotic treatment prevented the increases in IL-6 and MCP-1. - mice receiving the stressor had elevated hepatic portal blood levels of LPS (from the gastrointestinal draining vein) and elevated mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF in the hypothalamus, though no changes in circulating cytokines. Pretreatment with L. farciminis, antibiotics, and ML-7 all prevented these increases.
• - following 13 weeks of antibiotic treatment, circulating levels of #Tryptophan had increased.
• [1.27] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] 
  - Antibiotic exposure was associated with an increased risk of IBD as compared with no antibiotic exposure for all age groups, although was greatest among individuals aged 40–60 years and ≥60 years, with similar results seen for both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. - The highest risk of developing IBD was seen 1–2 years after antibiotic exposure, and after use of antibiotic classes often prescribed to treat gastrointestinal pathogens. - Nitrofurantoin was the only class of antibiotics not found to be associated with the development of IBD across all age groups. - The classes with the highest risk were the nitroimidazoles and fluroquinolones.
• [1.28] 
  - treatment with either broad-spectrum antibiotics or metronidazole after lesion initiation reduced lesion growth in a surgical model of #Endometriosis
• [1.29] [#Parkinson’s Disease] 
  -The strongest connection with PD risk was found for oral exposure to macrolides and lincosamides - exposure to antianaerobics and tetracyclines 10 to 15 years before the index date, sulfonamides and trimethoprim 1 to 5 years before the index date, and antifungal medications 1 to 5 years before the index date were positively associated with PD risk.
• [#Acetate, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] - Three days of antibiotic treatment induced persistent dysbiosis with significantly decreased beta-diversity and richness, but a massive increase of #Proteobacteria, accompanied by decreased colonic SCFAs (acetat).
• [1.31] [#Candida albicans] 
  - Depletion of #Bacteria by antibiotics is required to achieve high levels of C. albicans intestinal colonization in laboratory mice
• [1.32] [#Clostridioides difficile] 
  - MCBAs can inhibit C. difficile spore germination and impact growth and toxin expression introduces other mechanistic avenues by which BSH activity can be used to restore colonization resistance after antibiotic treatment
• [1.33] 
  - oral antibiotics for #Acne are a risk factor for new onset #Crohn’s disease
• - Antibiotic-treatment was observed to enrich fungi such as #Candida and #Saccharomyces
• [1.34] [#Cutibacterium acnes] 
  - a strain of #Staphylococcus capitis (S. capitis E12) that selectively inhibited growth of C. acnes with potency greater than antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of #Acne.
• [1.35] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] [#Akkermansia muciniphila] 
  - Conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), #Salmonella typhimurium infection or post-antibiotic reconstitution may not benefit from #Akkermansia supplementation. - using #Akkermansia in patients with endocrine and gynecological disorders—such as #Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or #Endometriosis—that have a higher risk of developing IBD, should be critically evaluated. - the gut microbiota of patients suffering from #Parkinson’s Disease or #Multiple Sclerosis exhibits a characteristic signature of #Akkermansia municiphila abundance.
• [1.36] 
  - early-life antibiotic regimens disrupted Peyer’s patch development and immune cell abundance, with a sustained decrease in germinal center formation and diminished intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) production.
• - #Bifidobacterium longum abundance was found to be associated with germinal center frequency. When re-introduced to antibiotic-exposed mice, B. longum partially rescued the immunological deficits.
• [1.37] [#Adult] 
  - antibiotic-induced gut microbiome instability in #Children and adults appears to grossly resolve within a month of exposure.
• [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - Intrapartum antibiotics exposure is associated with reduced relative abundance of #Bacteroides and reduced levels of the SCFA #Propionate at birth, as well as increased relative abundance of potentially pathogenic #Proteobacteria.
• - Postnatal antibiotic exposure > reduced relative abundance of #Lachnospiraceae (for example, #Dialister spp. and #Lachnospira spp.) and #Ruminococcaceae and increased relative abundance of #Veillonella.
• [1.38] [#Candida albicans] 
  - an intestinal fungal overgrowth or an oral candidiasis often occur after long-term antibiotic treatment or in #Short Bowel Syndrome, a malabsorptive disorder, as a result of the loss of bowel mass mostly secondary to surgical resection of the small intestine.
• [1.39] [#Immune checkpoint inhibitor] 
  - antibiotic use close to the start of ICI treatment may impair treatment response
• [#Immune checkpoint inhibitor] - decrease in the abundance of #Bifidobacterium members with antibiotics use was associated with impaired response to ICI targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1)
• - There were no significant differences in diversity between the #Probiotic supplemented and the antibiotics alone groups after antibiotic therapy. - there is no evidence that #Probiotic supplementation has a relevant effect on gut bacterial diversity during antibiotic therapy. - The tendency of reduction in the B:F ratio was observed regardless of #Probiotic supplementation during antibiotic therapy. - These changes after Antibiotic Therapy, showed a restoration tendency after 8 weeks of follow-up.
• - #Probiotic supplementation was able to maintain the level of #Bifidobacteria in newborns during antibiotic therapy
• - pPobiotic supplementation during antibiotic therapy has a protective effect on #Blautia and #Roseburia spp. levels - #Blautia level has a tendency to normalize spontaneously after antibiotic therapy.
• - The changes in #Enterobacteriaceae induced by Antibiotic Therapy are transient.
• - #Probiotic supplementation seems to reduce #Escherichia overgrowth during antibiotic therapy. - The level of both #Escherichia and #Enterococcus tends to normalize after antibiotics cessation regardless of probiotics supplementation.
• [1.41] [#Immune checkpoint inhibitor] 
  -Oral antibiotics can disrupt the gut microbiome and antibiotic use close to the start of ICI treatment may impair treatment response
• [1.42] [#Immune checkpoint inhibitor] 
  - metabolites from these bacteria drove the downregulation of MAdCAM-1. - MAdCAM-1 typically binds a class of receptors called α4β7 on the surface of regulatory T cells, which have immunosuppressive functions. - Dampening the levels of MAdCAM-1 ultimately directed these immunosuppressive cells to the tumor microenvironment, where their activity worked against immunotherapy
• [1.43] [#High fibre diet] 
  - fiber prebiotics significantly reduced the impact of antibiotic treatment on microbiome composition and function.
• [1.44] 
  - Repeated administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics (metronidazole, cefoxitin, and gentamicin) to male and female mice for a month, caused a reduction in gut bacteria leading to under-development of microglia.
• [1.45] 
  - #Doxycycline has shown to attenuate blood pressure increase in different animal models of #Hypertension and to improve various aspects of vascular health. - #Doxycycline can influence the gut microbiota and improve intestinal barrier function, owing to its direct impact on the gut microbiota, as well as its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.
• [1.46] [#Uric acid] 
  - Ablation of the microbiota in uricase-deficient mice causes severe #Hyperuricemia - anaerobe-targeted antibiotics increase the risk of #Gout in humans.
• [1.47] [#Parkinson’s Disease] [#Akkermansia muciniphila] 
  - excessive and repeated antibiotic consumption leads to enrichment of other PD-relevant taxa such as A. muciniphila, and it is linked to PD risk.
• [1.48] [#Cancer] [#Immune checkpoint inhibitor] 
  - Antibiotic treatment results in decreased gut microbiota translocation into mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and TDLNs, diminished DC and effector CD8+ T cell responses, and attenuated responses to ICT.
• [1.49] [#Fever] 
  - gut microbiome is a key modulator of body temperature variation in both health and critical illness - #Lachnospiraceae family was consistently associated with temperature trajectories in hospitalized patients, experimental #Sepsis, and antibiotic-treated mice.
• [#Chronic liver disease] 
• [1.51] [#Infants, #Infants treated with antibiotic] 
  - exposure to antibiotics early in life can lead to reduced diversity up to two years after exposure.
• [#Juvenile idiopathic arthritis] - #Prevotella 9 and #Acidaminococcales were higher in ABIS JIA, #Infants with antibiotic exposures, and #Infants who had #Siblings.
• [#Juvenile idiopathic arthritis] - Increased risk of JIA was observed in #Children exposed to antibiotics early in life.
• [1.52] 
  - #Indole is a bacterial signaling molecule that has been shown to influence bacterial movement, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and the colonization of #Staphylococcus aureus, #Salmonella enterica, and #Lactobacillus plantarum
• [1.53] [#Prevotella copri] 
  - #Prevotellin-2, cleared bacterial loads at a comparable level to the current gold standard polymyxin B and without notable toxicity to the mammalian host in either infection model.
• [1.54] [#Colorectal cancer] [#Fusobacterium nucleatum] 
  - F. nucleatum-positive colorectal tumors were subcutaneously transplanted into immunodeficient mice and tracked over time. - viable F. nucleatum could be maintained over time, while antibiotic administration reduced tumor growth
• [#Colorectal cancer] [#Fusobacterium nucleatum] - antibiotic treatment of mice transplanted with F. nucleatum-positive patient-derived CRC xenografts reduces tumor size and cancer cell proliferation, indicating that bacterial suppression may support tumor growth suppression
• [1.55] [#Allergy] [#Infants, #Mother-infant] 
  - Antibiotic exposure during #Pregnancy was associated with preschool #Asthma, wheezing, #Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and any allergic disease in offspring up to age 3 years.
• [#Infantile eczema] [#Infants, #Mother-infant] - maternal antibiotic use was not associated with food allergies, #Atopic Dermatitis, or eczema.
• [1.56] [#Exercise training] 
  - absence of the microbiome in germ-free or antibiotics-treated mice diminishes voluntary and endurance exercise capacity by ∼50%. - this effect of the microbiota was driven by certain taxonomic elements, including members of the #Lachnospiraceae family.
• [1.57] [#Fusobacterium nucleatum] 
  - mice experiments have shown that antibiotic use suppresses F. nucleatum significantly increases #Chemotherapy efficacy
• [1.58] 
  - #Bifidobacteria metabolize #lactulose, produce high concentrations of #Acetate and acidify the gut lumen in humans and mice, which, in combination, can reduce the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as #Vancomycin-resistant #Enterococcus faecium in vitro.
• [1.59] [#Irritable bowel syndrome] 
  - 74.9% of IBS patients had used antibiotics up to 1 year prior to diagnosis, compared to 57.8% in controls. - developing IBS were more than twofold higher for those who had used antibiotics. - The risk was highest among people with multiple antibiotics dispensations.
• [#Autism] [#Para-cresol] - p-cresol is hypothesized to exacerbate ASD severity and gut disorders, in the presence of intestinal infection, antibiotic consumption, and atypical intestinal permeability considered as potential p-cresol excess sources in ASD
• [1.61] 
  - antibiotic treatment prior to H1N1 vaccination altered the microbial diversity, resulting in decreased #Influenza-specific IgG1 and IgA antibody titers
• [1.62] [#Autism] 
  - antibiotic usage against #Clostridia has shown beneficial effects in behavioural parameters of ASD studies
• [1.63] [#Infants] 
  - #Coprococcus has potent anti-inflammatory properties and, in ABIS, was inversely associated with NDs and linked to protective factors, including lower vulnerability scores, fewer antibiotics (none in the first year), and infant diets with fewer snacks.
• [1.64] [#Enterococcus faecalis, #Enterococcus faecium] 
  - two of the most frequently identified species of Enterococci – E. faecium and E. faecalis – are both known to acquire antibiotic resistance.
• [1.65] 
  - #Guar gum containing diet (GuD) increased the susceptibility to colonic inflammation. - Amelioration of #Colitis in GuD-fed group pre-treated with antibiotics suggest a vital role of intestinal microbiota in GuD-mediated exacerbation of intestinal inflammation.
• [1.66] [#Thrombotic events] [#Acylcarnitines] 
  - #2-methylbutyrylcarnitine (2MBC), a branched-chain acylcarnitine, is accumulated in patients with #Covid-19 and in patients with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). - 2MBC enhances platelet hyperreactivity and thrombus formation in mice. - 2MBC binds to integrin α2β1 in platelets, potentiating cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) activation and platelet hyperresponsiveness. - Genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of integrin α2β1 largely reverses the pro-thrombotic effects of 2MBC. - 2MBC can be generated in a gut-microbiota-dependent manner, whereas the accumulation of plasma 2MBC and its thrombosis-aggravating effect are largely ameliorated following antibiotic-induced microbial depletion.

References Notes