Disease ⇒ Gastric carcinoma {40000342}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - #Aquabacterium, #Streptococcus and #Lachnospiraceae > predict gastric cancer. - patients with low levels of #Streptococcus and #Lachnospiraceae > more likely to live with gastric cancer without it getting worse. - Patient > more bacterial genes involved in the breakdown of #D-galacturonate > play a key role in the development of gastric cancer
• [1.2] 
  - #Candida and #Alternaria were enriched in GC, while Saitozyma and Thermomyces were GC-depleted
• [#Cytomegalovirus] - HCMV was found to be higher in GC tissue than adjacent normal tissues and was implicated as being associated with carcinogenesis and possibly lymphatic metastasis of GC.
• - #EBV integrates its DNA into the host, expresses latent protein, and then impairs methylation of DNA via miRNA under the action of the latent protein, resulting in #EBV-positive gastric cancer.
• [1.3] [#Helicobacter pylori] 
  - The progression of #Chronic gastritis toward gastric carcinoma has been characterized by the reduction in the Helicobacter genus, overgrowth of opportunistic bacteria, increased apoptosis, necrosis, and collagen production, changes in the cytoskeleton and polarity of the gastric epithelium, and gradual suppression of gastric acidity.
• [#Peptic ulcer] [#Helicobacter pylori] - H. pylori has a substantial association with chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma.
• [1.4] 
  - The bile acid receptor TGR5 is overexpressed in gastric adenocarcinoma, and #Bile Acids can increase cell proliferation via TGR5 signaling.
• [1.5] 
  - For instance, #Peptostreptococcus stomatis engages in gastrointestinal cancers and is of significant centralities in the gastric carcinoma (GC) ecological network, which mediates the pathogenesis of precancerous gastric atrophy (GA) and #Intestinal metaplasia (IM)
• [1.6] 
  - The oral taxa #Neisseria, #Prevotella, and #Veillonella had centralities in tumors with intestinal and mixed phenotypes and were associated with MUC13 overexpression, highlighting their role as potential drivers in MUC13 signaling in GC.
• [1.7] [#Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma] [#Helicobacter pylori] 
  - H. pylori is arguably the most well-known bacterial carcinogen, contributing to gastric cancers and mucosa-associated tissue lymphomas (MALT). - It attaches directly to gastric epithelial cells via HopQ binding to host CEACAM, allowing the bacteria to inject CagA and activating Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, a known neoplastic process
• - Gastric mucosal biopsies from intra-epithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma patients have shown a higher abundance of #Actinobacteria, #Bacteroides, #Firmicutes, and #Fusobacteria
• [1.8] 
  - #Helicobacter pylori attaches to the gastric epithelial cells by binding to the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) through the outer membrane adhesin HopQ. - Then, through the type IV secretion system of CagA, peptidoglycan metabolites, and DNA, the effector protein CagA is directly delivered into the epithelial cells to exert carcinogenic effects.
• [1.9] [#Prevotella copri] 
  - P. copri had a lower abundance in gastric tumor and peritumor microenvironments
• - #Helicobacter pylori-positive gastric cancer patients had considerably greater levels of miR99b-3p, miR-564, and miR-638 compared to #Helicobacter pylori-negative patients
• [1.11] [#Aggregatibacter segnis] 
  - the salivary A. segnis of the GC group was significantly higher than that in the control group. - increased levels of A. segnis might be naturally regulated by salivary protein glycopatterns in GC patients. Strikingly
• - the relative abundance of #Ascomycota in both the saliva and tongue coating was significantly lower in CG group than that in the control group.
• - the relative abundance of #Basidiomycota in both the saliva and tongue coating of the GC group was significantly higher than that in the control group.
• - #Candida albicans (C. albicans) can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of GC.
• - The abundance of #Fungi in the saliva and tongue coating of GC patients is lower than that of healthy controls within a single sample (alpha diversity).
• - The first to use 2b-RAD-M, a sequencing technology capable of characterizing microbiota at the species level with high accuracy and low cost. - the relative abundance of the Fungus #Malassezia globosa in the Gastric Cancer groups was significantly increased in both saliva and tongue coating. - Oral M. globosa is an effective indicator species for detecting GC.
• - #Malassezia was significantly more abundant in the GC group than in the control group at the genus level, which is the most common fungal genus of human skin and can also colonize the gut
• [#Mucor racemosus] - M. racemosus is the fungus with the highest abundance in GC tissue, while #Wickerhamomyces anomalus is the most abundant fungus in adjacent normal tissues.
• [#Prevotella melaninogenica] - The relative abundances of salivary and tongue P. melaninogenica in the GC group was higher than those in the control group. - P. melaninogenica was enriched in GC tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue,
• [#Saccharomyces cerevisiae] - S. cerevisiae was significantly reduced in the saliva and tongue coating of the GC group. S. cerevisiae is an important component of the human gut
• [1.12] [#Peptic ulcer] [#Bifidobacterium adolescentis, #Bifidobacterium bifidum, #Bifidobacterium breve, #Bifidobacterium longum, #Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, #Chloracidobacterium thermophilum B, #Helicobacter pylori, #Limosilactobacillus (Lactobacillus) reuteri] 
  - H. pylori infection alone is not sufficient to develop severe gastric abnormalities such as gastric cancer and gastric ulcers. - A lower abundance of gut resident #Bifidobacterium genus with specific strains ( B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, B. breve, B. longum, B. moukalabense, B. pseudocatenulatum, and B. reuteri.) plays a significant role in developing severe gastric malignancy.
• [1.13] [#Colorectal cancer, #Esophageal cancer] 
  - #Ferrichrome, produced by the #Probiotic #Lactobacillus casei, exhibited anti-tumor effects in various gastrointestinal cancers, including colorectal and gastric cancers, with minimal effects on non-cancerous intestinal cells.

References Notes