Butyric acid {90000141}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Butyrate] 
  - #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, member of Clostridium leptum subgroup, representing more than 5% of the total gut microbiota in healthy humans, is one of the most abundant butyric acid producing bacteria of the gut microbiome. It favorably modulates intestinal immune system, oxidative stress and colonocyte metabolism. - it reduces intestinal inflammatory processes with inhibition of the pro-inflammatory interleukin 8.
• [1.2] [#Behcet’s Disease] [#Butyrate, #Lactate, #Lipopolysaccharide] 
  - These results showed that the gut microbiota in BD patients was enriched with lactic acid-producing bacteria, #Sulfate-reducing bacteria, and some opportunistic pathogens but lacked butyric acid-producing bacteria and methanogenic bacteria. - In mice receiving BD feces, it was observed that the intestinal barrier was disrupted with low expression of tight-junction proteins, leading to LPS release into circulation. - enrichment of #Bilophila, Alistipes, and #Paraprevotella was observed in the BD-recipient group.
• [1.3] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - gut microbes were strongly associated with fecal levels of #Acetic acid and butyric acid , but were not associated with blood #Acetic acid or butyric acid. - The fecal butyric acid levels were inversely (beneficially) associated with T2D. - higher fecal butyric acid levels were associated with improved insulin response. - the concentration of fecal butyric acid was lower in T2D participants compared to those without T2D.
• [1.4] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - ischemic #Stroke can be effectively treated by transplanting SCFA-rich feces and supplementing it with butyric acid. - SCFA can promote post-#Stroke recovery by altering the recruitment of brain-resident immune cells in the brain.
• [1.5] [#Irritable bowel syndrome] [#Propionic acid, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - the concentration difference in two SCFAs, propionic minus butyric acid, has been shown to be positive for all four IBS subtypes but negative in healthy subjects
• [1.6] [#High fibre diet] 
  - #Cashew fiber promoted butyric acid-producing bacteria-related operational taxonomic units (OTUs; #Butyricimonas and #Collinsella) at higher relative abundances.
• [1.7] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - Administration of SCFAs, such as butyric, acetic, and #Propionic acid, has been reported to improve stress response, #Anxiety, and #Depression.
• - norepinephrine, indole, #Indole-3-aldehyde, #Isovaleric acid, butyric acid, and #Isobutyric acid stimulate #Serotonin release from enterochromaffin cells.
• [1.8] 
  - Butyric acid and #Propionic acid, two short-chain fatty acids that were found to be altered during #Covid-19 phase, also fell within normal levels in post-#Covid-19 patients, probably indicating that the leaky gut phenomenon and gut dysbiosis detected during COVID infection could be partially reestablished
• [1.9] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - administrating feces of AD transgenic mice to wild-type mice resulted in AD-associated gut microbiota dysbiosis, #Tau phosphorylation, and #Cognitive impairment in the wild-type mice. - The oral and gut microbiota of AD patient partners resembled that of AD patients but differed from healthy controls, indicating the transmission of microbiota. - butyric acid-mediated acetylation of GSK3β at lysine 15 regulated its phosphorylation at serine 9, consequently impacting #Tau phosphorylation.
• - elevations in butyric acid shifted the immune response away from a type 2 response that is characteristic of #Atopic Dermatitis, to a type 1 immune response
• [1.11] [#Cancer] [#Acetic acid, #Isobutyric acid, #Isocaproic acid, #Isovaleric acid] 
  - aciduric #Peptostreptococcus stomatis produces acetic, butyric, isobutyric, isovaleric, and isocaproic acids. - Production of such acids may contribute to the acidic and hypoxic microenvironment of tumors, thereby increasing metastatic efficiency
• [1.12] [#Lipopolysaccharide, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - SCFAs, especially #Propionic acid, and butyric acid, can inhibit the expressions of cytokines #IL-6 and #IL-12 induced by LPS in human mature dendritic cells.
• - an increase in butyric acid levels may improve the condition of #Sepsis
• [1.13] [#Tuberculosis] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - TB infection reduced the SCFA production in feces which included significantly low levels of butyric acid, #Isobutyric acid, #Valeric acid, and #2-metylbutic acid. However, the levels of #Propionic acid and #Acetic acid were non-significantly reduced and elevated, respectively, in the TB group compared with HC.
• [1.14] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - butyric acid-mediated acetylation of GSK3β at lysine 15 regulated its phosphorylation at #Serine, consequently impacting #Tau phosphorylation.
• [1.15] [#Clostridium butyricum] 
  - At 42 days, milk κ-#Casein was positively correlated with C. butyricum > strong butyric acid production capacity
• [1.16] [#Natural Nose microbiome] 
  - the presence of butyric-acid-producing bacteria in the nasal microbiome caused alterations in the olfactory functions.
• [1.17] [#Propionic acid] 
  - By inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the colon and immune cells, butyric and propionic acids can promote histone acetylation
• [#Obesity] - In obese people, high indigestible carbohydrate intake can significantly increase #Firmicutes bacteria such as Ruminococci, #Roseburia, and #Eubacterium rectale, whereas a lack of dietary fermentable carbohydrate intake can significantly decrease butyric acid-producing bacteria and, consequently, fecal butyric acid content
• [1.18] 
  - low concentrations of butyric acid showed increased #Progesterone secretion, while higher #Butyrate concentrations significantly inhibited the #Progesterone secretion via the cAMP signaling pathway
• [1.19] [#Eubacterium coprostanoligenes] 
  - butyric acid was negatively associated with Eubacterium coprostanoligenes_group.
• - Diethyl ether is suitable for extracting butyric acid and #Valeric acid,
• [1.21] [#Parkinson’s Disease] [#Dopamine] 
  - PA increased the survival of mouse primary DA neurons against rotenone-induced toxicity, - butyric acid rescued α-syn overexpression-induced DNA damage in Lund human mesencephalic cells. - In mouse PD models, oral supplementation of #Propionate and #Butyrate also protected neurons from chemically induced degeneration and ameliorated motor impairments.
• [1.22] [#Acetic acid] 
  - #Anaerostipes, a group of Gram-variable specialized anaerobes, are known for their production of acetic and butyric acids
• [#Alcohol Consumption] - an excessive intake of alcohol has been associated with elevated levels of #Holdemania in the gastrointestinal tract while causing a reduction in the concentration of butyric acid
• [#Thyroid carcinoma] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - SCFA, particularly butyric acid, inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC) and activates NIS re-expression in thyroid cancer cells, leading to redifferentiation and enhanced #Iodine uptake
• [1.23] 
  - #Butyryl carnitine is a conjugate of butyric acid and #Carnitine.
• [1.24] 
  - increased blood levels of butyric acid could be associated with a positive treatment response and symptom reduction in patients with #Schizophrenia. - The neuroprotective features of butyric acid stem from its ability to influence histone acetylation and thereby protect neurons from cell death.
• [1.25] [#High temperature and humidity] 
  - HTH caused a distinct alteration of gut microbiota charactered as increased #Firmicutes/ #Bacteroidetes ratio, decreased #Prevotellaceae UCG-001 accompanied with increased #Lachnoclostridium and #Candidatus saccharimonas at day 7. #Prevotellaceae UCG-001, involved in saccharolytic fermentation, probably contributed to the decreased plasma butyric acid level. - the decreased butyric acid recovered rapidly and could not explain the #GLP-1 suppression as butyrate supplement could not alleviate #GLP-1 decline
• [1.26] 
  - Members of the #Eubacterium family are pivotal due to their capability to produce short-chain fatty acids, notably butyric acid
• [1.27] [#Myasthenia gravis] 
  - butyric acid-producing gut bacteria and serum butyric acid level are reduced in patients with AChR MG. - #Butyrate supplementation effectively enhanced Treg differentiation and their suppressive function of AChR MG. - #Butyrate activates autophagy of Treg cells by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin. - Activation of autophagy increased oxidative phosphorylation and surface expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 on Treg cells, thereby promoting Treg differentiation and their suppressive function in AChR MG
• [1.28] 
  - In #Gout, #Bacteroides caccae and #Bacteroides xylanisolvens are enriched. - #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and #Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum depleted. - The established reference microbial gene catalogue for #Gout revealed disorder in purine degradation and butyric acid biosynthesis in #Gout patients. - Intestinal microbiota of #Gout are more similar to those of type-2 diabetes than to liver cirrhosis, whereas depletion of #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and reduced butyrate biosynthesis are shared in each of the metabolic syndromes. - #Bacteroides caccae is one biomarker of IBD. OmpW protein produced by B. caccae is a target of the IBD-associated immune response, thus the enriched intestinal B. caccae in #Gout patients could potentially induce serious inflammatory response. - #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii has anti-inflammatory properties and contribute to gut health through butyrate production. for #Gout patients, potentially explaining the decline in butyric acid biosynthesis in #Gout patients.

References Notes