Saccharomycetales ⇒ Candida {10001442}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - The metabolites of Candida is related with different metabolic pathways, such as amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis, fatty acids metabolism, aromatic compounds degradation, mono and sesquiterpenoid synthesis and carotenoid cleavage
• [1.2] [#Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease] 
  - The oral and pulmonary mycobiomes from controls and participants with COPD were dominated by Candida - Malassezia and Sarocladium were also frequently found in pulmonary samples.
• [1.3] 
  - There is an expansion of Candida sp. and Rhodotorula sp. in stool samples from US infants that later developed #Atopy.
• [1.4] [#Crohn’s disease] [#Candida albicans, #Candida glabrata, #Candida tropicalis] 
  - Candida. A common, although not universal, finding has been an increase, statistically significant or trending, in the relative amount of Candida in the fecal mycobiome of patients with CD from diverse geographic locations. - The named species is usually C. albicans, but C. tropicalis and C. glabrata have also been reported.
• [1.5] [#Adult] 
  - Multiple Candida spp. were at higher relative abundance in #Children than adults, while #Malassezia and certain food-associated fungi were lower in #Children.
• [1.6] [#Fecal Microbiota Transplantation] 
  - In #Ulcerative Colitis (UC), patients’ mycobiota revealed that those with high levels of Candida were more likely to benefit from FMT treatment. - Amelioration of disease was associated with a decrease in Candida following FMT.
• [1.7] [#Gastric carcinoma] 
  - Candida and #Alternaria were enriched in GC, while Saitozyma and Thermomyces were GC-depleted
• [1.8] [#Helicobacter pylori] 
  - Streptococcus, Neisseriae, Prevotella, Rothia, Fusobacterium, Veillonella, and Haemophilus are considered the main gastric bacterial genera enriched in #H. pylori-positive individuals. - the overgrowth of Candida species in the stomach has been reported during H. pylori infection, which might result in synergistic effects on the H. pylori pathogenesis.
• [1.9] [#Colorectal cancer] 
  - in colon cancers Candida > predictive of metastatic disease and attenuated cellular adhesions. - Candida DNA is enriched in tumors and predictive of reduced survival in GI cancers
• [#Stomach cancer] - In stomach cancers, high rates of Candida were linked to the expression of pro-inflammatory immune pathways
• [#Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis] - Tissue sections from different regions of the CNS of ALS patients contain fungi. - fungal structures such as yeast and hyphae in the motor cortex, the medulla and the spinal cord, in eleven patients with ALS. - Some fungal structures were localized intracellularly and even intranuclearly, indicating that this infection is not the result of post-mortem colonization. - PCR analysis and next generation sequencing of DNA extracted from frozen neural tissue identified a variety of fungal genera including Candida, #Malassezia, #Fusarium, #Botrytis, #Trichoderma and #Cryptococcus.
• [1.11] [#Oral lichen planus] 
  - Higher enrichment of the fungi Candida and #Aspergillus was identified in patients with reticular OLP than in healthy controls.
• [1.12] [#Antibiotic Therapy] 
  - Antibiotic-treatment was observed to enrich fungi such as Candida and #Saccharomyces
• [1.13] [#Multiple Sclerosis] 
  - In MS, the gut mycobiome differs from that of healthy individuals, with enrichment of Candida and #Epicoccum as well as a lower relative abundance of #Saccharomyces.
• [1.14] 
  - Candida-infected individuals had 2.3 times more dental #Caries than those without Candida in their oral cavity
• [1.15] [#Autism] 
  - reduced #D-arabinitol levels, a metabolite of Candida species, in the urine of #Children with ASD after #Probiotic supplementation
• [#Probiotic] - probiotics may prevent gastrointestinal colonization by Candida species
• [1.16] [#Streptococcus gordonii, #Streptococcus mitis, #Streptococcus oralis, #Streptococcus salivarius, #Streptococcus sanguinis] [#Alcohol Consumption] 
  - Several oral microbial species such as #Streptococci S. gordonii, S. mitis, S. oralis, S. salivarius, S. sanguinis, and Candida yeasts possess the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which metabolizes alcohol to #Acetaldehyde, which is indisputably carcinogenic.
• [1.17] [#Gastric bypass surgery] 
  - Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) resulted in clear alteration in composition of gut fungal and bacterial microbiota. - Before surgery, patients had higher levels of #Firmicutes and #Actinobacteria and lower levels of #Verrucomicrobia - #Faecalibacterium and #Bifidobacterium showed a decrease after surgery and aerotolerant #Streptococcus was increased postoperatively. - The relative abundance of #Proteobacteria was increased after surgery. - Changes in fungal microbiota composition included decreases in Candida and #Saccharomyces and increases in #Pichia. - levels of #Verrucomicrobia and #Proteobacteria increased after the surgery procedure - Bifidobacteriaceae abundance decreased, whereas Streptococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae increased after surgery. - RYGB led to increased #Firmicutes and #Actinobacteria phyla but decreased #Bacteroidetes phylum
• [1.18] [#Crohn’s disease] 
  - expansion of Candida in CD, but only in the active group, suggesting a participation in inflammation.
• [#Inflamatory bowel disease] - IBD samples present a relative increase abundance of Candida, while #Aspergillus, #Debaromyces, and #Cladosporium were reduced. - only #Xeromyces, #Rhodosporium, and #Lipomyces were significantly more abundant in IBD.
• [#Inflamatory bowel disease] [#Candida sake] - Active IBD patients showed an increase in 3 different Candida species (Ca dublinensis, Ca luistaniae, and Ca sake) with a depletion in #Saccharomyces.
• [#Ulcerative Colitis] - UC > high abundance of Candida in nonresponders to infliximab, highlighting its potential proinflammatory effect.
• [#Ulcerative Colitis] - High Candida abundance was associated with a clinical response in UC patients treated with #Fecal Microbiota Transplantation with a decrease in Candida in those patients who responded.
• [1.19] [#Hepatocellular cancer] 
  - the genus Candida (#Ascomycota) (in humans) and the genus Kazachstania (#Ascomycota) (in mice) occupied a dominant position in the HCC group, while other fungi were depleted.
• [#Cancer, #Head & Neck cancer, #Oral cancer] [#Alcohol Consumption] - alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme found in different Candida species enables them to produce #Acetaldehyde that is highly toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic
• [#Cancer] - #Candidalysin, a toxic epithelium-damaging substance produced by Candida, has been postulated to enhance tumor-promoting immunity
• [#Oral cancer] - Candida has pronounced nitrosation potential due to the production of #Nitrosamine compounds that have a significant role in oral carcinogenesis
• [#Oral squamous cell carcinoma] [#Candida albicans] - patients with OSCC > Candida species were identified in 74% of the samples, with C. albicans being the predominant species in 84%

References Notes