Human breast milk {50000118}
| Definition: | Human breast milk |
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| Queue: | [ ] |
| Initialisation date: | 2019-06-29 |
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| Specification: | |
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| Type: | Diet, Habit |
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| Host: | Human , Mouse |
| Zone: | [ ] |
Notes:
- Human Milk Oligosaccharides are enriched in Human Milk.
- During life, the numbers of bifidobacteria decrease from up to 90% of the total colon microbiota in vaginally delivered breast-fed infants to <5% in the colon of adults and they decrease even more in that of elderly.
Shared Reference Notes
- [1.1]
- Breastfeeding increases the proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) which is nearly twofold higher in exclusively breastfed neonates compared with those who received formula milk only. - Tregs provide balance in the immune system by controlling its response to pathogens, and preventing autoimmune responses. - The baby’s cells were less likely to see the mother’s cells as foreign if the baby was breastfed compared to formula-fed – an effect mediated by regulatory T cells. - There is an enrichment of short chain fatty acid producing taxa (Veillonella and Gemella) in stool samples of exclusively breastfed neonates. - [1.2]
- Breastfeeding, known to reduce the prevalence of C. difficile in infants compared to formula feeding. - B. breve is the most commonly isolated infant-type Bifidobacterium species from human milk - [1.3]
- Human milk have revealed a complex “nonnutrient” biologic system that includes an entire immune system, including immune-modulating compounds (27), a system promoting gut maturity [e.g., human-milk oligosaccharides (HMOs)] including growth factors and hormones, and a signaling system involving cell-free RNA in exosomes and microvesicles that may influence infant immunity and microbiota. - [1.4]
Cessation of breastfeeding is the major factor leading to gut microbiota maturation; typically, by age 2, a childs microbiome composition resembles that of an adult, dominated by anaerobic Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. - [1.5] [#Obesity]
- Infants fed with breast milk rich in #Betaine showed reduced growth rates after birth. - Experiments in mice showed that giving #Betaine to female mice improved blood sugar metabolism and lowered fat tissue in breastfeeding offspring. - When breast-fed with milk rich in #Betaine, both mouse pups and human infants had higher amounts of #Akkermansia bacteria in their guts. - Low levels of maternal #Betaine during pregnancy are linked to increased infant weight at birth. - Maternal #Betaine supplementation resulted in lower fetal weight in a mouse study. - [1.6]
- At 12 months, there remain distinct characteristics in microbiome composition in infants still receiving breastmilk, characterized by enrichment of Bifidobacteriaceae, Veillonellaceae and Proteobacteria. - At 12 months, breastfed infants have a greater relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species compared to that fed formula - Cessation of breastfeeding, rather than exposure to solid food, appears to be associated with maturation toward an “adult-like” microbiota dominated by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes - [#Human milk oligosaccharides] - Low gut bacterial diversity in breastfeeding infants is thought to be a result of breastmilk oligosaccharides which serve as substrates for a limited number of gut microbes
- [1.7]
- In breastfed infants given #Bifidobacterium infantis EVC001, which expresses all HMO-utilization genes, intestinal T helper 2 (Th2) and Th17 cytokines were silenced and interferon β (IFNβ) was induced. - Fecal water from EVC001-supplemented infants contains abundant indolelactate and B. infantis-derived indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) upregulated immunoregulatory galectin-1 in Th2 and Th17 cells during polarization, providing a functional link between beneficial microbes and immunoregulation during the first months of life - [1.8]
- Human milk and #Mucin glycans show similar molecular characteristics and sugar code. - [1.9] [#Staphylococcus epidermidis]
- S. epidermidis is predominantly a commensal skin microbe in humans but can also colonize the infant gut as a founding member in part through breastmilk seeding. - S. epidermidis tends to disappear from the gut with age, its presence during early immune education may facilitate establishment of a largely tolerogenic intestinal memory CD4+ T cell pool. - S. epidermidis can turn pathologic when it becomes bloodborne in an at-risk host. - [#Human milk oligosaccharides] - Breast milk contains important developmental and immune-promoting factors such as oligosaccharides, immunoglobulins (IgA), and #Lactoferrin which protect the newborn passively and actively against excessive intestinal inflammation
- [1.11] [#Bifidobacterium longum] [#Human milk oligosaccharides]
- breast fed babies #Bifidobacterium spp. is typically high, than in formula fed babies because #Bifidobacterium longum utilizes fucosylated oligosaccharides which is present in mother’s milk. - [1.12] [#Bacteroides cellulosilyticus] [#Human milk oligosaccharides] [#Infants]
- The relative abundance of maternal B. cellulosilyticus, a versatile carbohydrate degrader, was positively associated with the overall abundance of microbial glycoside hydrolases in the infant gut, particularly those involved in HMO degradation. - Moreover, this maternal species was inversely correlated with intact HMOs in infant fecal samples and positively associated with HMO-utilizing infant species that are unable to degrade these oligosaccharides, such as #Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum. - [#Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii] - positive association of infant intestinal inflammatory mediators, such as #Eicosanoids, with previously identified members of the breast milk microbiome and with C. kroppenstedtii, a species isolated almost exclusively from clinical mastitis samples and uniquely present in stool from breastfed #Infants in our analysis.
- [1.13]
- [1.14] [#Obesity] [#Infants]
- HM #Butyrate concentrations were overall negatively associated with infant weight and adiposity, and associations were stronger at younger infant ages. - HM #Butyrate concentration was also inversely correlated with HM intake volume, supporting a possible mechanism whereby #Butyrate might reduce infant growth via appetite regulation and modulation of HM intake. - [1.15] [#Natural Skin Microbiome] [#Infants]
- Infant Skin > Breastfeeding > at 3 and 6 months, respectively > lower abundances and frequencies of members of the #Prevotellaceae family at both timepoints - [1.16] [#Cesarean section, #Mother-infant]
- In CS-born infants > reduced seeding of infant fecal microbiota by maternal fecal microbes, whereas colonization with breastmilk microbiota is increased when compared with vaginally born infants. - auxiliary routes of mother-to-infant microbial seeding, which may compensate for one another, ensuring that essential microbes/microbial functions are transferred irrespective of disrupted transmission routes. - [1.17] [#Infants]
Infant > Breastfeeding > decreased #Acetate and increased #Succinate - [1.18]
- #Phosphatidylserine has implications for brain development in #Infants > induce major shifts in #Bacillota (#Firmicutes): #Bacteroidota (#Bacteroidetes) ratio in human gut microbiomes. - #Clostridia and #Veillonella genera > use #Phosphatidylserine as a substrate to catalyse phosphatidylethanolamine and plasmenylethanolamine, both by employing respective phospholipid decarboxylase activities. - [#Bifidobacterium infantis] [#Human milk lipids] - #Gangliosides are not antagonistic to all gastrointestinal microorganisms. - Bifidobacterium can grow in the presence of GM-3 and GD-3 while simultaneously lowering ganglioside levels in vitro. - #Bifidobacterium bifidum is very efficient in removing GD-3 by employing extracellular mechanisms, while #Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis degrades GM-3 intracellularly, with overall lower glycosidase activity.
- - Phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) are integral to the outer Milk fat globules bilayer membrane, and while they are important for human cell proliferation during early life, some bacteria of the #Clostridium and #Enterococcus genera use ethanolamine as a source of carbon and nitrogen.
- [#Human milk lipids] - The most abundant #Gangliosides in human milk are monosialoganglioside-3 (GM-3) and disialoganglioside-3 (GD-3). - GD-3 is very abundant in colostrum, while GM-3 increases in abundance at later time points
- [#Human milk lipids] - #Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and #Sphingomyelin contribute up to 40% of all MFGM #Phospholipids, which are subject to intra-individual variation, especially during early lactation
- [#Human milk lipids, #Sphingomyelin] -The outer MFG membrane also contains most of the sphingomyelins, for which many bactericidal activities against human opportunistic pathogens are described.
- [#Human milk lipids] [#Infants] - HMLs also include several compounds that are essential for infant development. For example, phosphorylated lipids, glycosylated lipids, short- and long-chain fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids[8], and several fat-soluble vitamins
- [1.19] [#Human milk oligosaccharides]
- HMOs include 2’Fucosyllactose (2’FL), Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), 3’Sialyllactose (3’SL) and 6’Sialyllactose (6’SL) - [#Acute lymphoblastic leukemia] [#Cesarean section, #Cessation of breastfeeding, #Socio-economic status] - The risk of BCP-ALL is increased by caesarean section (C-section) birth, brief or absent breastfeeding and paucity of social contacts during infancy. - these social risk factors are shared with type 1 diabetes and allergies, raising the possibility of a common underlying immune priming deficit.
- - Lack of exclusive breastfeeding and early cessation is associated with reduced relative abundance of #Bifidobacterium spp and lower stool levels of #Acetate.
- [#Infants] - #Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) facilitate the expansion of #Bifidobacterium species, which have an instrumental role in the development of T cell-dependent IgA responses and have been linked to higher numbers of memory B cells during infancy
- [#Cessation of breastfeeding] - Although breast milk may temporarily suppress maturation of the gut microbiome during infancy, #Children who are predominantly breastfed develop a more mature gut microbiome by the second year of life.
References Notes
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