Disease ⇒ Irritable bowel syndrome {40000135} Record Keys Type:Disease Parent:[ ] Definition:Irritable bowel syndrome Details Initialisation date:2020-09-06 Other Terms:IBS LinksWickipediaMerck Manual Meta Information MedDra ID:10023003 MedDra Level:pt ICD:[ ] Category:Gastroenterology Zone:[ ] Mechanism:[ ] Notes: - Oral administration of Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 normalized sensitivity to colorectal distension in a rat model of post-inflammatory colonic hypersensitivity (1) - The probiotic B. infantis 35624 reduced CRD-induced visceral pain behaviors in both rat strains. It significantly increased the threshold pressure of the first pain behavior and also reduced the total number pain behaviors during CRD (2) - Purine metabolism is the novel host-microbial metabolic pathway in IBS (4)Shared Reference Notes [1.1] - Mice colonized with IBS+A microbiota developed faster gastrointestinal transit and anxiety‐like behavior (longer step‐down latency) compared to mice with HC microbiota. - Saccharomyces boulardii administration normalized gastrointestinal transit and anxiety‐like behavior in mice with IBS+A microbiota. Step‐down latency correlated with colonic Trpv1 expression and was associated with altered microbiota profile and increased Indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) levels. [1.2] - Individuals with severe IBS consumed a higher proportion of food items that can be considered as low quality (“less healthy”) as part of their main meals. - IBS severity is associated with altered gut microbiota hydrogen function in correlation with microbiota enzymes involved in animal carbohydrate metabolism. [1.3] [#Staphylococcus aureus] - Staphylococcal bacterial infection and bacterial toxins can trigger an immune response that leads to the production of dietary-antigen-specific IgE antibodies in mice, which are limited to the intestine. - Following subsequent oral ingestion of the respective dietary antigen, an IgE- and mast-cell-dependent mechanism induced increased visceral pain. -This aberrant pain signalling resulted from histamine receptor H1-mediated sensitization of visceral afferents. - Injection of food antigens (gluten, wheat, soy and milk) into the rectosigmoid mucosa of patients with irritable bowel syndrome induced local oedema and mast cell activation. [1.4] - Streptococci and clostridia were associated with an increased risk. - Clostridium perfringens is a well-known enteric pathogen and streptococci have been previously associated with irritable bowel syndrome. - Demographic risk factors included a family history of irritable bowel syndrome and antibiotic use. - Half of those affected said that their parents or siblings had bowel disease, and 75% of those affected said they had taken antibiotics in the past year. [1.5] [#Human milk oligosaccharides] - Patients had a significant improvement from baseline to 12 weeks in total percentage of bowel movements. - Improvement was similar across IBS subtypes. Symptoms improved most in the first 4 weeks of intervention. - The most common side effects were mild gastrointestinal symptoms such as flatulence, abdominal pain and discomfort, and distension. [1.6] [1.7] - Irritable bowel syndrome patients had lower urinary Phosphatidyl choline acyl-alkyl C38:6, dopamine and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. - Levels of some urinary metabolites including histamine correlated significantly with irritable bowel syndrome symptom severity scores. [1.8] [#Clostridium difficile infection, #Inflamatory bowel disease] - Combining human variables and gut microbiota achieved the best performances in predicting IBD, IBS, CDI, and unhealthy status, indicating independent associations between gut microbiota and these diseases. [1.9] - In IBS > The three most abundant bacteriophage clusters belonged to the #Siphoviridae, #Myoviridae, and #Podoviridae families (Order #Caudovirales). [1.11] - Transplantation of feces from IBS-C patients to healthy mice would cause gut microbiota imbalance by reducing Firmicutes and increasing Bacteroides and Akkermansia. - the abundance of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, as well as Enterobacteria was increased. - In IBS patients, the GABAergic system is disrupted, and the levels of glutamate decarboxylase 2 (GAD2), #GABA, and #GABA receptors(including type B1 and B2) are decreased, while #GABA transporter-2 (GAT-2) is increased in IBS-D patients - #Histamine level in the colon was increased in IBS cases [#kynurenine] -IBS > the level of neuroprotective #kynurenic acid (KynA) and the ratio of KynA/Kyn were reduced [1.12] - Bacterial #Histamine acts by attracting mast cells to the colon through activation of the #Histamine 4 receptor. - #Klebsiella aerogenes, present in the gut microbiota of many patients with IBS, as the main bacterial producer of #Histamine. [1.13] - The relative abundance of #Prevotella copri within IBS was significantly correlated with increased abdominal pain [1.14] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] [#Bile Acids, #Primary bile acids, #Secondary bile acids] - Reduced BA deconjugation is associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including #Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and #Crohn’s disease (CD), as well as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). [1.15] - #Tryptamine induces the release of the neurotransmitter 5-HT, a #Serotonin of enterochromaffin cells. - 5-HT can work on the enteric nervous system to stimulate gastrointestinal motility such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [1.16] - symptom severity is related to characteristic alterations of gut microbiota, including reduced diversity, reduced exhaled methane, relative reduction of #Methanobacteriales and #Prevotella enterotype, and abundance of #Bacteroides enterotype. - #Bacteroides were found to be increased in patients with IBS-D and were associated with mucosal low-grade inflammation. - a recent meta-analysis identified low levels of #Propionate and #Butyrate in feces from patients with IBS-C, as compared with healthy controls, and a higher proportion of #Butyrate in fecal samples of patients with IBS-D, as compared with controls - #Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1572 improves symptoms, modulates gut microbiota structure and function through the reduction of Rumicococcus with consequent increased levels of #Acetate and #Butyrate, and reduces intestinal immune activation in patients with IBS [#Low FODMAP diet] - low fermentable oligo-, di-, and mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet reduces fermentation, improving global symptoms as well as abdominal pain in patients with IBS, particularly with IBS-D, when compared with habitual diet or different dietary interventions[ - #Ruminococcus to be increased in IBS patients, suggesting even a potential role as a biomarker of this disorder - in IBS is a prevalence of 36.8% in a cohort with culture-proven #Salmonella enteritidis infection. [1.17] - IBS was associated with differential abundance of bacterial taxa such as #Bacteroides dorei; metabolites including increased #Tyramine and decreased gentisate and hydrocinnamate; and transcripts related to fructooligosaccharide and polyol utilization. [1.18] [#Diabetes Type 2] - Increased levels of #Ceramides were reported in mucosal samples from IBS patients as well as in plasma and tissue samples in diabetes, cardiomyopathy, insulin resistance, #Atherosclerosis and #Steatohepatitis. [#Chronic fatigue syndrome] [#Alistipes putredinis, #Anaerotruncus colihominis, #Clostridium asparagiforme, #Coprococcus catus, #Dorea formicigenerans, #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii] - Nine bacterial species were selected to predict ME/CFS + IBS: F. prausnitzii, #Bacteroides vulgatus, A. putredinis, C. catus, #Anaerostipes caccae, D. formicigenerans, A. colihominis and C. asparagiforme. [#Chronic fatigue syndrome] [#Ceramides] - patients with ME/CFS and IBS have increased plasma levels of ceramide. [#Chronic fatigue syndrome] - Patients with ME/CFS and IBS also had higher plasma #Mannitol levels. - #Mannitol may increase permeability of both the gut mucosa and the blood-brain barrier resulting in trafficking of molecules such as cytokines and neurotransmitters that contribute to disease. [1.19] [#Bipolar disorder, #Inflamatory bowel disease] - IBS , #Celiac Disease and IBD have been associated with an increment in the risk of developing BD. - patients diagnosed with both IBS and major #Depression, a twice daily dose of #Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 was administered and treated patients demonstrated reduced depressive phenotypes on multiple scales [1.21] - The altered composition of oral microbes correlates with the severity of IBS [1.22] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] [#β-defensins] - Inflammatory proteins such as human β-defensin 2, a bactericide, have been identified as a useful fecal biomarker in IBS and IBD [#Propionic acid, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] - the concentration difference in two SCFAs, propionic minus #Butyric acid, has been shown to be positive for all four IBS subtypes but negative in healthy subjects - Enriched #Ruminococcus is associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). [1.23] [#Chronic fatigue syndrome] - ME/CFS is a multifactorial condition that is also often associated with comorbid conditions including, but not limited to, IBS and #Fibromyalgia. [1.24] - IBS patients have increased levels of the bacterial families #Enterobacteriaceae, #Lactobacillaceae, and #Bacteroidales, whereas #Bifidobacterium, #Faecalibacterium, and #Clostridiales were decreased compared with healthy controls. - IBS was typified by enhanced quantities of #Firmicutes and specifically in #Ruminococcus, #Clostridium, and #Dorea, along with a distinct decrease of beneficial microbes, such as #Bifidobacterium and #Faecalibacterium spp - #Purine starvation has been identified as a potential novel mechanism underlying IBS with lower fecal #Hypoxanthine abundance in IBS-C and IBS-D. - increased #Tryptophan in the gut may lead to loosened stool, and #Tryptophan-related signaling may travel to the posterior insula and increase pain perception and emotional salience in IBS-D, thereby suggesting a “bottom-up” signaling direction. [#Vitamin B6, #Vitamin D] - deficiency in levels of both vitamins D and B6 have emerged as causative factors in IBS symptoms pathogenesis. [1.25] [#Fecal Microbiota Transplantation] - Repeated FMT had a greater impact on symptoms and quality of life than a single FMT. - Administrating donor’s transplant to the small intestine had a higher efficacy, and led to long-term colonization of beneficial bacteria than administrating the donor’s transplant to the large intestine. [1.26] #Veillonella levels have been found to be higher in patients with irritable bowel syndrome [1.27] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Ruminococcus gnavus] [#High fibre diet] - fiber intervention significantly suppressed #Tryptamine and #Phenethylamine levels and abundances of R. gnavus in T2D subjects, revealing manipulation of gut microbiota-derived #Tryptamine and #Phenethylamine by dietary changes or prebiotics is a potential direction for managing #Metabolic syndrome and IBS. [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Ruminococcus gnavus] - #Tryptamine and phenethylamine derived from the R. gnavus-mediated catabolism on dietary amino acids impaired insulin sensitivity via activation of TAAR1-MAPK/ERK signaling pathway axis, thereby contributing to insulin resistance in gut dysbiosis-associated IBS and T2D. [1.28] - Bifidobacterium infantis seems to be effective in human studies with IBS patients by changing plasma proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine ratio. [1.29] - sever of irritable bowel disease symptoms > low dietary #Vitamin B6 intake - #Gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying), #Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), and #Constipation were associated with over double the risk of #Parkinson’s Disease in the 5 years preceding the diagnosis, while IBS without #Diarrhea was associated with a 17 per cent higher risk [1.31] [#Fructooligosaccharides, #humanized Galactooligosaccharides] - IBS symptoms improvement after consuming 5 g/day FOS for 6 weeks [101] or 3.5 g/day GOS for 12 weeks [1.32] [#Probiotic] [1.33] - There is currently no evidence that bacterial #Serotonin production contributes to the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [1.34] [#Antibiotic Therapy] - 74.9% of IBS patients had used antibiotics up to 1 year prior to diagnosis, compared to 57.8% in controls. - developing IBS were more than twofold higher for those who had used antibiotics. - The risk was highest among people with multiple antibiotics dispensations. [1.35] - stearate and 1-palmitoylglycerophosphoinositol appear to be potential protective factors against IBS. - 1-monopalmitin and #Arginine may potentially be associated with an increased risk for IBS. - Higher blood levels of l-#Arginine and endogenous methylarginines have also been linked to adult IBS [#Nitric Oxide] - In the digestive system, NO serves as the primary inhibitory nonadrenergic and noncholinergic neurotransmitter. - NO released from nerve stimulation in the myenteric plexus causes smooth muscle relaxation and plays a critical role in regulating esophageal, gastric, and intestinal peristalsis. - NO may play a role in the pathogenesis of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS, [#Stearate] - Stearates are also associated with intestinal permeability, which may explain their causal association with IBS. [1.36] - #Serotonin levels are increased in both patients with #Diarrhea predominant and #Constipation predominant IBS. - increased levels of 5-HT in patients with #Diarrhea predominant IBS in both fasting and fed conditions, whereas patients with #Constipation predominant IBS did not show increased levels of 5-HT after meal ingestion. [#Serotonin] - increased plasma 5-HT levels in patients with IBS and the presence of #Bifidobacteriaceae, #Bacteroidaceae, #Oscillospiraceae, and the bacteriophages #Podoviridae in the gut microbiota. [#Serotonin] - 5-HT levels are lower in Plasma of IBS patients compared to the healthy controls and it is associated with a low expression of the re-uptake transporters for TPH1 and serotoni - IBS patients’ blood had more #kynurenine than the control group, and that there was a positive link between the severity of IBS symptoms and the #kynurenine/#Tryptophan (Kyn/Trp) ratio [1.37] [#Myristic acid] - elevated concentrations of #Butyryl carnitine and tetradecanedioate are associated with heightened vulnerability to IBS, while increasing levels of #Stearate (18:0) exhibit a protective effect. - #Stearate (18:0), #Butyryl carnitine and tetradecanedioate can directly affect IBS independently of other metabolites. - significant difference in #Stearic acid levels between IBS patients and healthy individuals. - diet enriched with #Stearic acid led to reduced concentrations of fecal #Secondary bile acids (SBA). - These SBA can impact intestinal function, including factors like intestinal peristalsis and mucosal permeability, which may have a key role in the mechanism of IBSReferences Notes[ ]
