Clostridiaceae ⇒ Clostridium {10000270}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Polycystic ovary syndrome] 
  - #Lactobacillus given to letrozole-treated (induces PCOS) rats reduced androgen levels, improved estrous cyclicity, normalized ovarian morphology, as well as increased #Lactobacillus and Clostridium species and decreased #Prevotella.
• [1.2] 
  - Clostridium spp. destroy tumors by secreting exotoxins that damage the membrane structures of #Cancer cells and enter cells to disrupt essential cellular functions. - The introduction of Clostridium spp. recruits CD8+ T cells, granulocytes, and macrophages to the infection area and induces the release of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) from neutrophils.
• [1.3] [#Crohn’s disease] 
  - Gut species found to be significantly depleted in CD compared to control include: #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii , #Roseburia inulinivorans and #Alistipes senegalensis. - While Clostridium nexile and #Ruminococcus gnavus were found to be enriched.
• [1.4] [#Bile Acids] [#Western-style diet] 
  - WD consumption in conjunction with Clostridium spp. increased the secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid levels in the ileum, which in turn inhibited Paneth cell function.
• [1.5] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - Clostridium > negative correlation with with fasting glucose and HbA1c levels > decreased insulin resistance.
• [1.6] [#Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis] 
  - ALS in mice> altered bacterial community related to autoimmunity (e.g., Clostridium sp. ASF502, #Lachnospiraceae bacterium A4), inflammation (e.g., #Enterohabdus Muris,), and metabolism (e.g., #Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis) at 1- and 2-month-old SOD1G93A mice, suggesting the early microbial contribution to the pathological changes.
• [1.7] [#Alzheimer’s disease] [#Bacillus firmus] 
  - B. firmus, Rikenella, Clostridium sp. Culture-27, and #Deoxyuridine, may play important roles in AD pathology.
• [1.8] 
  - the intestines and colon are enriched with anaerobes including the Clostridium and #Faecalibacterium genera.
• [1.9] [#Lipopolysaccharide] [#Antibiotic Therapy, #Condition of chronic stress] 
  - stressor exposed mice had significantly altered community structure of their gut microbiota, with decreased abundance of the genus #Bacteroides and increased abundance of the genus Clostridium. This was accompanied by increased circulating levels of IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). - In a follow-up experiment, animals were fed an antibiotic cocktail in the morning and evening by oral gavage, beginning three days before the stressor and continuing to the end of the experiment. Antibiotic treatment prevented the increases in IL-6 and MCP-1. - mice receiving the stressor had elevated hepatic portal blood levels of LPS (from the gastrointestinal draining vein) and elevated mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF in the hypothalamus, though no changes in circulating cytokines. Pretreatment with L. farciminis, antibiotics, and ML-7 all prevented these increases.
• [#Culinary herbs and spices] - six of seven aqueous culinary spice extracts of oregano, ginger, rosemary, cinnamon, black pepper and cayenne pepper were able to promote the growth of #Bifidobacterium spp. in vitro, whereas turmeric was not. - stimulation of #Lactobacillus spp. and inhibition of certain Clostridium spp. by all seven spices. - increase in most Clostridium spp. after turmeric and curcumin intervention in a human study.
• [1.11] [#CVD] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] [#Probiotic, #Probiotic (Bifidobacter and Lactobacilus)] 
  - Short-chain fatty acids and secondary #Bile Acids can decrease #Cholesterol levels by regulating #Cholesterol metabolism. - Microbial #Bile Salt hydrolases can increase #Cholesterol disposal rates by accelerating its conversion to #Bile Acids. - Probiotics from the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are efficient reducers of #Cholesterol levels in clinical studies. - Several candidate next-generation probiotics, including #Akkermansia muciniphila, #Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp., #Christensenella minuta, Eubacterium spp., and #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, have been shown to decrease #Cholesterol levels in human or animal studies.
• [1.12] 
  - Butyrylated high-amylose maize resistant starch decreased red meat-derived pro-mutagenic adduct O6-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine and related CRC risk. - Certain #Butyrate-producing bacteria such as Clostridium, #Ruminococcus, #Faecalibacterium spp., #Eubacterium spp., and #Roseburia, were found to decrease in relative frequency in CRC patients. - #Butyrate inhibited the growth of CRC cells and induced their apoptosis in vitro at pharmacologically high concentrations.
• [1.13] [#Plastics] 
  - #Muribaculaceae decreased and Clostridium increased in disposable paper cups group.
• [1.14] 
  - Five bacterial phyla including #Firmicutes, #Bacteroidetes, #Actinobacteria, #Proteobacteria, and #Fusobacteria can participate in #Tryptophan metabolism, being those belonging to the Clostridium, #Burkholderia, #Streptomyces, #Pseudomonas or #Bacillus genera the most important modulators
• [1.15] [#High-protein diet] 
  - Excessive protein intake > causing the growth of protein fermenting bacteria as Clostridium, #Desulfovibrio, #Peptostreptococcus, #Acidaminococcus, #Veillonella, #Propionibacterium, Bacillus, #Bacteroides, #Staphylococcus, and other species of the #Proteobacteria family, and the loss of carbohydrate fermenting bacteria such as #Bacteroides, #Lactobacillus, #Bifidobacterium, #Prevotella, #Ruminococcus, #Roseburia, and #Faecalibacterium.
• [1.16] [#Infants] 
  - Bacterial genera commonly found in the infant small intestine include #Lactobacillus, Clostridium, #Staphylococcus, #Streptococcus, #Bacteroides, and #Bifidobacterium
• [#Human breast milk] - Phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) are integral to the outer Milk fat globules bilayer membrane, and while they are important for human cell proliferation during early life, some bacteria of the Clostridium and #Enterococcus genera use ethanolamine as a source of carbon and nitrogen.
• [1.17] 
  - Clostridium ssp. are required for the biotransformation of catecholamines into their bioactive form owing to their β-glucuronidase enzymes.
• [1.18] [#Anorexia nervosa] [#Clostridium bolteae, #Clostridium innocuum] 
  - In AN : #Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum, #Blautia species CAG, and Enterocloster bolteae innocuum (Clostridium) were increased.
• [#Anorexia nervosa] - IN AN > Clostridium counts correlated positively with eating disorder scores.
• [1.19] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] [#Clostridioides difficile, #Fusobacterium nucleatum] 
  - F. nucleatum coexists with Clostridium through adhesin RadD, encouraging the intestinal mucus layer’s bacterial biofilm formation in IBD patients. This symbiotic relationship accelerates the extracellular polysaccharides-producing process and chemotaxis level of C. difficile
• [#Natural Small intestine Microbiome] - Only select bacteria, including Clostridium, #Lactobacillus, and #Enterococcus species, are able to penetrate, or attach to, the mucus layer at the epithelium and use the mucus as an energy source
• [1.21] 
  - Extra-virgin #Olive oil ingestion in rodents also can promote the growth of certain types of beneficial #Bacteria including species of #Lactobacillus, #Bifidobacterium, #Bacteroides, and Clostridium, and members of the Erysipelotrichaeae.
• [1.22] [#Athletes] 
  - #Faecalibacterium, #Sutterella, Clostridium, #Haemophilus, and #Eisenbergiella were the most abundant in bodybuilders, while #Bifidobacterium and #Parasutterella were the least abundant.
• [1.23] [#Crohn’s disease] [#Dorea longicatena, #Ruminococcus lactaris] 
  - ileocolonic resection (ICR) in CD patients > amples collected at time of surgery were enriched in #Proteobacteria and harbored high levels of unusual, bacteria such as #Streptococcus mitis, #Undibacterium oligocarboniphilum, #Sphingomonas melonis and #Gemella haemolysans - 6 months after surgery samples had elevated proportions of anaerobic bacteria belonging to #Lachnospiraceae (Clostridium nexile, #Blautia wexlereae, #Dorea longicatena). - Remission was characterized by increased levels of bacteria belonging to #Bacteroides, #Dorea, #Ruminococcus and #Dialister genera, whereas recurrence was associated with increased levels of #Gemmiger formicilis, #Enterococcus durans and #Ruminococcus lactaris.
• [1.24] 
  - The #Firmicutes phylum comprises Gram-positive bacteria with low G + C DNA content and is composed of more than 200 different genera, such as #Lactobacillus, #Bacillus, Clostridium, #Enterococcus, and Ruminicoccus.
• [#Diabetes Type 1] - Studies have reported an increased quantity of #Villanella, Clostridium, and #Bacteroides and a decreased quantity of #Lactobacillus, #Eubacterium rectale, #Blautia coccoides, and #Bifidobacterium in #Children with type 1 diabetes.
• - #Diabetes Type 1 > negative correlation has been reported between plasma #Glucose level and #Bifidobacterium, #Lactobacillus spp., and #Firmicutes and #Bacteroidetes spp., while there has been positive correlation between Clostridium and plasma #Glucose level.
• [#Irritable bowel syndrome] - IBS was typified by enhanced quantities of #Firmicutes and specifically in #Ruminococcus, Clostridium, and #Dorea, along with a distinct decrease of beneficial microbes, such as #Bifidobacterium and #Faecalibacterium spp
• [1.25] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] 
  - The Clostridium XlVa cluster and #Ruminococcaceae are also reduced in those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) compared to those without disease, which agrees with their protective role in the gut inflammation and an anti-inflammatory effect of #Aspirin on the gut microbiome.
• [1.26] [#Clostridium cluster IV] 
  - TNF-α was found to be positively correlated with the abundance of #Parabacteroides, #Bilophila, and Clostridium IV, but negatively correlated with the abundance of #Prevotella.
• [1.27] 
  - #Leptin serum level was positively correlated with the abundance of #Bifidobacterium and ##Lactobacillus whereas #Leptin serum level was negatively correlated with Clostridium, #Bacteroides and, #Prevotella
• [1.28] [#Clostridium orbiscindens] 
  - Clostridium CAG:58 and Clostridium orbiscindens, instead correlate positively with #Obesity
• [1.29] 
  - #Behcet’s Disease > Stool samples were enriched with #Parabacteroides, sulphate-reducing bacteria #Bilophila and #Desulfovibrionaceae species. In addition, it was also noted that #Butyrate-producing bacteria Clostridium and methanogens were reduced. - Transplantation of BD faeces in mice illustrated remarkable results in which gut integrity was breached due to decreased expression of tight junctions, with the subsequent effects of experimental uveitis.
• - The Clostridium genus represents 95% of #Firmicutes.
• [#High fibre diet] - Many members of the Clostridium genus are also associated to higher dietary fibre intake.
• [1.31] 
  - Most gram-positive bacteria, like #Ruminococcus and Clostridium, and some gram-negative bacteria can metabolize #Bile Acids .
• [1.32] [#Spondyloarthritis] 
  - significant increases in the class #Bacilli, order #Lactobacillales, families #Lactobacillaceae and #Clostridiaceae, and genera #Lactobacillus and Clostridium in non-colonized SpA patients.
• [1.33] [#Clostridiales XIV, #Clostridium cluster IV] 
  - #Walnut consumption at 42 g/day, increased #Butyrate-producing Clostridium clusters XIV and IV including, #Faecalibacterium, #Roseburia, while lowering the relative abundance of #Ruminococcus, #Dorea, Oscilllo, #Bifidobacteria.
• [1.34] [#Hepatocellular cancer] [#Bacteroides-Prevotella group, #Clostridium clusters XIVa] 
  - levels of #Bacteroides, #Lachnospiracea #Incertae sedis, and Clostridium XIVa were higher in the gut of non-small-cell HCC group (higher tumor load) and could separate the non-small-cell liver cancer group from small-cell HCC group (lower tumor load)
• [1.35] [#Clostridioides difficile] [#Berberine] 
  - BBR has direct inhibitory effects on #Bacteria such as Clostridium difficile, #Actinobacillus, and #Bacillus subtilis
• [1.36] [#Bifidobacterium infantis, #Bifidobacterium longum, #Clostridioides difficile, #Kingella denitrificans, #Propionibacterium freudenreichii] 
  - #Vitamin B12 producer are > #Pseudomonas denitrificans, #Bacillus megaterium, and Propionibacterium freudenreichi, #Bacteroides fragilis, #Prevotella copri, Clostridium difficile, #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, #Ruminococcus lactaris, #Bifidobacterium animalis, B.infantis, B.longum, and #Fusobacterium varium
• [#Clostridioides difficile, #Lactobacillus bulgaricus, #Lactobacillus delbrueckii, #Limosilactobacillus (Lactobacillus) reuteri] - There are several bacteria that can produce #Folate in the gut, which include #Bacteroides fragilis, #Prevotella copri, Clostridium difficile, #Lactobacillus plantarum, L. reuteri, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, #Streptococcus thermophilus, #Bifidobacterium spp. (some species), #Fusobacterium varium, and #Salmonella enterica
• [1.37] 
  - Gut bacteria, specifically of the genera #Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, and #Lactobacillus, can produce enzymes such as β-glucuronidases that modify excreted estrogens, causing them to be retained in the body via reabsorption into circulation. This leads to increased #Estrogen levels which can cause several hormone-linked diseases.
• [1.38] [#Oral squamous cell carcinoma] 
  - Oral cancer and epithelial precursor lesions are also linked with bacteria from genera #Fusobacterium, #Veillonella, #Actinomyces, Clostridium, #Haemophilus, and #Enterobacteriaceae
• [1.39] [#Clostridium cluster IV, #Clostridium clusters XIVa] [#Butyrate] 
  - The predominant butyrogenic bacterial species, including #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium spp., #Eubacterium spp., and #Roseburia spp., are from two clusters (Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa) in the #Firmicutes phylum and the #Clostridiales order
• - #Melanoma > Taxa that were more abundant in tumors of responders included Clostridium, whereas #Gardnerella vaginalis was more abundant in tumors of nonresponders.
• [1.41] 
  - #Bacteroides and Clostridium have been reported to be capable of converting #Tryptophan into #Indole and #Indole derivatives
• [#Clostridium clusters XIVa] - Components with the[N(CH3)3] structure, such as #Choline, #Phosphatidylcholine, and L-#Carnitine, can be used by Clostridium (primarily Clostridium XIVa and #Eubacterium) and Proteobacterium produced trimethylamine (#TMA) lyases to form #TMA. - #TMA is a foul-smelling gas that smells like rotten fish
• - #Lactobacillus, #Enterococcus, Clostridium, and #Proteus are gastrointestinal tract (GIT) bacteria that can use the #Triglyceride backbone as an electron sink, reducing glycerol to 1,3-propanediol
• [#Diabetes Type 2] - #Proteobacteria and Clostridium abundance increased in T2DM patients
• [1.42] [#Clostridium asparagiforme, #Clostridium citroniae, #Clostridium hathewayi, #Clostridium sporogenes] [#TMA, #TMAO] 
  - Clostridium sp (C asparagiforme, C citroniae, C hathewayi, and C sporogenes), #Desulfovibrio, and #Enterobacteriaceae (#Escherichia coli and #Acinetobacter sp), can respond to a diet rich in #Choline, an essential nutrient for omnivores, and convert it to trimethylamine, which is then metabolised in the liver to trimethylamine N-oxide, a microbiome derived proatherogenic metabolite.
• [1.43] [#Autism] [#4-ethylphenol, #4-ethylphenylsulfate] 
  - Clostridium spp. are highly abundant in autistic individuals and yield 4EP precursors.
• [1.44] [#Clostridium cluster IV] 
  - the species showing strong correlations with steroid hormone biosynthesis, including #Alistipes, Clostridium IV and #Tannerella, might contribute to the transformation of steroidal hormones by their metabolic products.
• - Clostridium spp. have been reported to produce enzymes that modify steroidal hormones
• [1.45] 
  - #Indole is an inter-kingdom signal in gut epithelial cells, reinforcing the host cell-barrier assets - It is derived from #Tryptophan, produced by several microbes (i.e., #Bacteroides, Clostridium, #Desulfovibrio) colonizing the human GI tract - It is a critical precursor of physiologically important molecules, such as #Serotonin and #Melatonin
• [1.46] [#Clostridium group XI] 
  - reduced abundance of Clostridium cluster XI and #Prevotella in the gut microbiome of patients with #Bladder cancer.
• [1.47] [#Chronic periodontitis] 
  - the microbiomes of periodontitis patients contained a greater abundance of the genus #Acidaminococcus, Clostridium, #Lactobacillus, #Bifidobacterium, #Megasphaera, and Romboutsiac.
• [1.48] [#Chronic fatigue syndrome, #Cognitive impairment] 
  - #Vitamin E in improving mental health, particularly cognitive function. - certain gut microbes, like #Bacteroides and Clostridium, are considered to possess the potential ability to metabolize #Vitamin E in the intestinal tract. - the cognitive issues observed in ME/CFS patients may be associated to specific changes in the gut microbiome and a significant reduction in #Vitamin E levels.
• [1.49] [#Bisphenol A] 
  - #Enterococcus and #Bacillus were the predominant genera isolated in the presence of BPA. Among the genera that were more frequently isolated, we also obtained #Staphylococcus, #Escherichia-#Shigella, and Clostridium, indicating a possible direct effect of selective pressure by the BPA.
• [#Clostridium sensu stricto] - #Cranberry Extract > Clostridium, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 were also increased, as well another known #Butyrate-producer, #Anaerobutyricum (former #Eubacterium) and #Shuttleworthia
• [#Clostridium clusters XIVa] - Along with #Bifidobacterium, #Cranberry juice stimulated the growth of #Prevotella, Clostridium XIVa and #Eggerthella, while #Bacteroides was not affected by the #Cranberry juice intake.
• - fecal and plasmatic ratio of #Butyrate tended to increase in response to the #Cranberry extract, - the increase in the #Butyrate ratio was concomitant to a decrease of the #Acetate ratio, despite the bloom of several #Acetate-producing bacteria such as #Terrisporobacter (former Clostridium), #Intestinibacter (former Clostridium), #Dorea (former #Eubacterium) and #Bifidobacterium
• - Species from #Bifidobacterium can consume oligosaccharides to release #Acetate and #Lactate, and these intermediate metabolites can be converted into #Butyrate by specific bacteria, such as Clostridium, by a butyryl-CoA:#Acetate CoA transferase
• [1.51] 
  - In chronic #Intermittent Hypoxia (CIH) mice, beneficial genera like Clostridium, #Akkermansia, and #Bacteroides reduced in presence while pathogenic genera like #Desulfovibrio increased.
• [1.52] [#Tryptophan] 
  - Trp is converted to #Indole via the enzyme Trp identified in gut bacteria such as #Escherichia coli (E. coli), Clostridium spp., and #Bacteroides spp. - Trp decarboxylase converts Trp to #Tryptamine > is expressed in Clostridium, #Ruminococcus, #Blautia, and #Lactobacillus bacteria
• [1.53] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - #Blautia, #Faecalibacterium, #Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, #Anaerostipes, #Mediterraneibacter, and #Butyricicoccus abundances were relatively higher in healthy fecal samples than in prediabetic fecal samples.
• [#Diabetes Type 2] - Clostridium induces regulatory T cells to the colon and allows lymphocytes to enter inflamed islet cells to regulate the inflammatory response, thereby inhibiting diabetic morbidity

References Notes