Fasting {50000141} Record Keys Definition:Fasting Queue:[ ] Details Initialisation date:2020-09-25 Specification: Intermittent Fasting Meta Information Type:Diet, Habit Host: Human Zone:[ ] Notes: - Causes rapid expansion of a particular bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila. (1)Shared Reference Notes [1.1] - A 5-day fast followed by a modified Dietary Approach to Stop #Hypertension diet reduces systolic blood pressure, need for antihypertensive medications, body-mass index at three months post intervention compared to a modified Dietary Approach to Stop #Hypertension diet alone. - Fasting alters > gut microbiome > impacting bacterial taxa and gene modules associated with short-chain fatty acid production. [1.2] - Calorie restriction (CR) without malnutrition remains the most robust intervention to date for #Cancer prevention in rodents and monkeys, and, in humans, it promotes anticarcinogenic adaptations such as decreased production of growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, and anabolic hormones as well as decreased oxidative stress and free-radical–induced DNA damage. [1.3] [1.4] [#Multiple Sclerosis] - Intermittent fasting (IF) ameliorated clinical course and pathology of the MS model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). - IF led to increased gut bacteria richness, enrichment of the Lactobacillaceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Prevotellaceae families and enhanced antioxidative microbial metabolic pathways. - IF altered T cells in the gut with a reduction of IL-17 producing T cells and an increase in regulatory T cells. [1.5] [#Indole-3 propionate, #Indolepropionate] - Intermittent Fasting promotes axonal regeneration after sciatic nerve crush in mice through an unexpected mechanism that relies on the gram-positive gut microbiome and an increase in the gut bacteria-derived metabolite indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) in the serum. IPA production by #Clostridium sporogenes is required for efficient axonal regeneration, and delivery of IPA after sciatic injury significantly enhances axonal regeneration, accelerating the recovery of sensory function. [1.6] [#Alzheimer’s disease] - FMD (fasting-mimicking diet) cycles delay cognitive decline in AD models in part by reducing neuroinflammation and/or superoxide production in the brain. [1.7] [1.8] [#Butyrate] - the #Lachnospiraceae family of anaerobic bacteria increased during fasting. - This family, in the order Clostridiales, promotes butryogenesis in the gut, a process that is associated with healthful metabolic and prolongevity effects. [1.9] - Fasting > increased microbiome diversity and was specifically associated with upregulation of the #Clostridiales order–derived #Lachnospiraceae and #Ruminococcaceae bacterial families. - increased #Lachnospiraceae > #Butyrate [#Acute lymphoblastic leukemia] - In ALL > fasting may inhibit the transformation of preleukaemic clones through enhanced #Leptin receptor signalling in mouse models [1.11] [#Indole-3-propionic acid, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] - fasting considerably increased plasma levels of indolepropionic acid and #Tauroursodeoxycholic acid and fecal levels of SCFAs. [1.12] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Berberine] [#High Fat Diet] - The increase in fasting plasma #Glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) caused by HFD feeding decreased after BBR treatmen [1.13] [#Non-nutritive Sweeteners, #Sweeteners] - the fasting #Glucose concentrations and the abundances of #Enterobacteriaceae and #Clostridium leptum were increased in diet-induced #Obesity models treated with aspartame for eight weeks [1.14] [#Alzheimer’s disease] [#Amyloid-beta] - TRF (time-restricted feeding) had the remarkable capability of simultaneously reducing #Amyloid deposition, increasing Aβ42 clearance, improving #Sleep and memory, and normalizing daily transcription patterns of multiple genes, including those associated with AD and neuroinflammation. - TRF had a major impact on neuropathology, with treated APP23 TG mice displaying a significant reduction in plaque burden and #Amyloid deposition and a reversal of circulating biomarkers of AD. - TRF protocol was effective in reducing #Amyloid burden and improving memory in the APP knockin (APP-KI) mouse model. - time-restricted feeding (TRF; 6 h feed, 18 h fast cycles) can improve #Sleep/wake cycles, motor performance, and inflammation in mouse models of #Huntington’s Disease. [1.15] - STIF (Short-term intensive fasting) can boost the function of red blood cells in the immune response to various types of pathogens, particularly in fighting against SARS-CoV-2 by activating the complement cascade on their membranes without compromising their oxygen transport capacity and viability. - STIF-enhanced immune function is fairly sustainable since such positive effects are maintained not only after 6 days of fasting but also after a 6-day refeeding period. [1.16] [#β-hydroxybutyrate] [#Keto diet] - ketogenic states, induced by ketogenic diet or fasting, effectively drive BHB generation both in liver and intestine. [1.17] [#Akkermansia muciniphila] - A. muciniphila, relative abundance of Akkermansia increased in 2 out of 12 participants, decreased in 1, and remained relatively stable in the others. - The controversial outcome could be because of variations in dietary routines during RIF. - Ramadan Fasting > #Bacteroidetes and #Proteobacteria, known to utilize host-derived energy substrates, simultaneously increased > increase in #Proteobacteria at the end of Ramadan fasting. - increased #Proteobacteria in the gut may indicate dysbiosis and serve as a marker for developing diseases - RIF was associated with significant drops in the levels of seven genera at the end of Ramadan: #Blautia, #Coprococcus, #Dorea, #Faecalicatena, #Fusicatenibacter, #Lachnoclostridium, and #Mediterraneibacter. - #Blautia was more abundant before Ramadan fasting. - #Coprococcus produce #Butyrate. - genera #Coprococcus significantly decreased after RIF. - #Coprococcus experienced a decrease during starvation, but later on, they increased during the refeeding - #Dorea formicigenerans and #Dorea longicatena had a positive association with BMI and body weight - both Dorea levels and BMI significantly decreased after Ramadan, showing a positive association. - #Escherichia coli were more abundant at the end of Ramadan fasting. - Following the refeeding period, a consistent decline in Enterobacteriaceae, one of its members, specifically #Escherichia coli, was observed - #Firmicutes were higher in abundance in the prefasting stage than at the end of Ramadan fasting, while they were significantly decreased at the end of Ramadan fasting - significant decrease in #Fusicatenibacter levels following RIF. - Ramadan Fasting > relative abundance values of #Lachnoclostridium decreased. - the exact relationship between #Lachnospiraceae abundance and fasting cannot be made clear. [1.18] - Intermittent energy restriction (IER) induced constant, significant reductions in the activity of eating behavior-related brain regions, including the right inferior frontal orbital gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and right putamen. [#Bacteroides uniformis, #Escherichia coli, #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, #Parabacteroides distasonis] - During IER > the abundance of #Obesity-related probiotics including F. prausnitzii, P. distasonis, and B. uniformis significantly increased compared with that at baseline, whereas the abundance of pathogenic E. coli significantly decreased. - the reduction in E.coli abundance sustained to the endpoint of phase III, whereas the abundance of F. prausnitzii, P. distasonis, and B. uniformis peaked at midpoint of phase II and declined to near baseline levels at endpoint of phase III. References Notes (2) [1.20]
