Infants {51111179} Record Keys Definition:Infants Queue:[ ] Details Initialisation date:2021-03-15 Specification: [ ] Meta Information Type:[ ] Host:[ ] Zone:[ ] Notes: [ ]Shared Reference Notes [1.1] - The infant’s gut microbiota of healthy breastfed infants is normally dominated by infant-type bifidobacteria such as Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis. - C. difficile colonizes 10–70% of infants below 1 year of age7. C. difficile infections during infancy may not only cause diarrhoea but are also associated with higher risk of allergic diseases during early life8. [1.2] - There is a clear association between decreased normalised abundance of #Prevotella in faecal samples collected at 12 months of age and increased behavioural problems at 2 years. [1.3] [#Non-industrialized envirounment] - Non-industrialized countries > increased #Prevotella copri, #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and #Prevotella stercorea in infants. [1.4] [#Antibiotic Therapy, #Infants treated with antibiotic] - Infants treated with antibiotics tend to have lower bacterial diversity as well as an increase of #Enterobacteriaceae and #Enterococcus [1.5] [#Human milk nutrient fortifiers] - babies fed HMBFs derived from their own mother’s milk had higher levels of #Veillonella in their stools, which has been shown to help protect infants from developing #Asthma. [1.6] - #Air Pollution > infant gut microbiota at 6 months of age > PM10 exposure was positively associated with Dialister, Dorea, Acinetobacter, and Campylobacter while PM2.5 was positively associated with Actinomyces. - exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 was inversely associated with Alistipes and NO2 exposure was positively associated with Actinomyces, Enterococcus, Clostridium, and Eubacterium. [1.7] [#Bacteroides cellulosilyticus] [#Human milk oligosaccharides] [#Human breast milk] - The relative abundance of maternal B. cellulosilyticus, a versatile carbohydrate degrader, was positively associated with the overall abundance of microbial glycoside hydrolases in the infant gut, particularly those involved in HMO degradation. - Moreover, this maternal species was inversely correlated with intact HMOs in infant fecal samples and positively associated with HMO-utilizing infant species that are unable to degrade these oligosaccharides, such as #Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum. [#Bacteroides cellulosilyticus] [#Mother-infant] - For gene-sharing events detected in infants at the first sampling time point (0.5 months), B. cellulosilyticus was the main maternal donor species, consistent with its pronounced influence on infant gut microbiome structure. [#Bifidobacterium longum] - B. longum abundance was inversely correlated with #Inosine, a purine metabolite with immunoregulatory properties [#Mother-infant] - Maternal gut strains transmitted after the first 3 months of life included members of the genera #Eubacterium, #Roseburia, and #Blautia. - There was an infant-specific inverse association of #Collinsella aerofaciens and fecal #Arginine, possibly mediated by #Arginine deiminase. - #Arginine is an essential amino acid for premature and low-birth weight infants and modulates immune system development, partially as a substrate for polyamine and nitric oxide biosynthesis. [#Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii] [#Human breast milk] - positive association of infant intestinal inflammatory mediators, such as #Eicosanoids, with previously identified members of the breast milk microbiome and with C. kroppenstedtii, a species isolated almost exclusively from clinical mastitis samples and uniquely present in stool from breastfed infants in our analysis. [#Escherichia coli] - Unique infant microbe-metabolite associations included positive correlations of #Enterococcus faecalis and E. coli with neurotransmitters #Tyramine and #Agmatine, respectively [#Mother-infant] - Metabolites enriched in infants included carnitines, eicosanoids, glycerophosphocholines, and very long-chain fatty acids, whereas secondary bile acids, B vitamins, and medium-chain fatty acids were more abundant in mothers [#Infants treated with antibiotic] - #Klebsiella michiganensis (present in 125 infant versus 3 maternal samples), which lacks the pathogenic potential of other Klebsiella species and may contribute to colonization resistance during antibiotic perturbation. - K. michiganensis was more prevalent in samples from infants who previously received systemic antibiotics. [1.8] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - a higher percentage of #Propionate in relation to total SCFA composition was associated with longer uninterrupted human infant #Sleep [1.9] [#Obesity] [#Human breast milk] - HM #Butyrate concentrations were overall negatively associated with infant weight and adiposity, and associations were stronger at younger infant ages. - HM #Butyrate concentration was also inversely correlated with HM intake volume, supporting a possible mechanism whereby #Butyrate might reduce infant growth via appetite regulation and modulation of HM intake. [#Atopic Dermatitis] - in infants > #Staphylococcus epidermidis was found protective against AD as well as in older populations [#Natural Skin Microbiome] - Infant skin > 21 bacterial phyla with #Proteobacteria, #Firmicutes, #Actinobacteria, and #Bacteroidetes being the most abundant. - the relative abundance of #Burkholderiaceae and #Staphylococcus, highly abundant after birth, decreased progressively, to the benefit of newly colonizing taxa such as #Streptococcus, #Veillonella, and #Enhydrobacter aerosaccus [#Natural Skin Microbiome] - Infant Skin > #Lactobacillus iners were most abundant at day 1 after birth and dropped afterward. [#Natural Skin Microbiome] [#Human breast milk] - Infant Skin > Breastfeeding > at 3 and 6 months, respectively > lower abundances and frequencies of members of the #Prevotellaceae family at both timepoints [1.11] [#Human breast milk] Infant > Breastfeeding > decreased #Acetate and increased #Succinate Infant > Solid foods: Increased #Propionate and #Butyrate Infant > High abundances of #Lactate, #Pyruvate and #Formate reflect an immature microbiome since these metabolites are typically converted into other metabolites in the #Adult gut. Infant > Weaning > increased #Lactate, #Pyruvate, and #Formate [1.12] [#Human breast milk] - #Phosphatidylserine has implications for brain development in infants > induce major shifts in #Bacillota (#Firmicutes): #Bacteroidota (#Bacteroidetes) ratio in human gut microbiomes. - #Clostridia and #Veillonella genera > use #Phosphatidylserine as a substrate to catalyse phosphatidylethanolamine and plasmenylethanolamine, both by employing respective phospholipid decarboxylase activities. - Bacterial genera commonly found in the infant small intestine include #Lactobacillus, #Clostridium, #Staphylococcus, #Streptococcus, #Bacteroides, and #Bifidobacterium Greater proportions of #Palmitic acid in the pool of triacylglycerides, for instance > higher levels of fecal #Lactobacillus and #Bifidobacterium in neonates. - The primary bile acid profile in infants predominantly consists of #Cholic acid (CA) and #Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), with a greater proportion of CA and its conjugates than CDCA and its conjugates [#Gender] -male premature infants have less rich microbiota with higher numbers of #Enterobacteriales, as compared to female premature infants who show higher numbers of #Clostridiales [#Human milk lipids] [#Human breast milk] - HMLs also include several compounds that are essential for infant development. For example, phosphorylated lipids, glycosylated lipids, short- and long-chain fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids[8], and several fat-soluble vitamins - #Stearic acid is found in high concentrations in infant brain grey matter, suggesting important implications for neurogenesis [1.13] - the relative taxonomic quantitative abundances of #Bifidobacterium dentium and other species that have been associated with either modulation of the gut-brain axis, or other beneficial health outcomes, were reduced in the offspring of mothers with higher #Anxiety, perceived stress, and #Depression. [1.14] [#Pregnancy] [#Lactobacillus gasseri] - Tvaginal microbiota was mostly consistent with previously reported community sequence types. - #Lactobacillus crispatus was the most abundant organism, followed by #Lactobacillus iners, #Gardnerella vaginalis, #Lactobacillus jensenii, and L. gasseri. - #Enterococcus faecalis was found in nearly 100% of samples, #Pseudomonas tolaasii in all samples, and #Escherichia coli in 83.75% of samples. #Streptococcus agalactiae was detected in 74% of samples and is an important pathogen in both mothers and infants. [1.15] [#Bacteroides ovatus, #Bacteroides uniformis] - #Bacteroides species (for example, B. ovatus and B. uniformis), whose successful and timely colonization is determined by the mode of delivery, can have a profound impact on stool IgA levels during infancy. [#Human milk oligosaccharides] - A low relative abundance of Bifidobacteria and depletion of HMO utilization genes in the gut microbiome of human infants was also recently shown to be associated with systemic inflammation and polarization of naive CD4+ T cells towards TH17 cells, which could be reversed upon supplementation with #Bifidobacterium infantis [#Human breast milk] - #Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) facilitate the expansion of #Bifidobacterium species, which have an instrumental role in the development of T cell-dependent IgA responses and have been linked to higher numbers of memory B cells during infancy [#Aging] - Infants with older #Siblings exhibit increased gut microbiome α-diversity, faster gut microbiome maturation and earlier colonization with #Faecalibacterium species, which are known to increase the Treg/TH17 cell ratio via inhibition of HDACs and to ameliorate gut inflammation. [#Children] - #Firmicutes, the phylum with the most substantive expansion during the developmental phase of gut microbiome maturation (3–14 months). [#Neonate] - Νeonates normally possess a high relative frequency of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), CD4+ forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and regulatory B cells with a polyreactive immunoglobulin repertoire, as well as high IL-10 and IL-27 levels. - This initial period of immune tolerance facilitates gut colonization with organisms that, in turn, are indispensable for subsequent development of the immune system and the maintenance of an intact gut barrier [1.16] [#Preterm birth] - #Probiotic administration rendered the gut microbiota and resistome of extremely preterm infants more alike to term infants on day 7 and ameliorated GA-driven loss of microbiota interconnectivity and stability. [1.17] [#Aromatic amino acid, #Lactic acid] - #Bifidobacterium species is the main producers of aromatic lactic acids in infants’ gut [#Aromatic amino acid] - #Enterococcus species is the main #Tyramine producers in infants’ gut [#Aromatic amino acid, #Propionic acid] - #Peptostreptococcus anaerobius is the main producer of aromatic propionic acids in infants’ gut [#Aromatic amino acid] - #Ruminococcus gnavus is the main producer of #Tryptamine in infants’ gut. [1.18] - #Lactate, a regulator of NDRG3, is accumulated in fetal blood and the fetus brain during the perinatal period. - #Lactate level in the E18 cortex is six-fold higher than that in the adult brain. - NDRG3 protein levels were significantly decreased during in vitro model of neuronal differentiation, but #Lactate treatment markedly increased NDRG3 protein accumulation in all courses of differentiation. - #Lactate level is rapidly decreased in the brain and in the circulation after delivery. - #Lactate may work as a central modulator of neuronal differentiation in the embryonic state and possibly one of the mechanisms regulating neuronal plasticity. [1.19] [#Milk Formula-feeding, #Prebiotic] - Prebiotics in formula did increase weight gain but had no impact on length or head circumference gain. - Prebiotics increased stool frequency but had no impact on stool consistency, the incidence of colic, spitting up / regurgitation, crying, restlessness or vomiting. [#Milk Formula-feeding, #Probiotic] - Probiotics in formula also failed to have any significant effect on growth, stool frequency or consistency. Probiotics did not lower the incidence of diarrhoea, colic, spitting up / regurgitation, crying, restlessness or vomiting. - an increase of #Bifidobacterium and #Eggerthella in infants who succeeded on at least one of the point and gaze subtests, while having a lower abundance of #Hungatella and #Streptococcus. [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - bacterial #Pentose phosphate pathways > lead to the formation of metabolites with neuroactive properties that can modulate the brain, such as SCFA, and the nucleosides/nucleotides salvage, which is necessary to maintain the levels of nucleotides in times or rapid growth and development, among other pathways [1.21] [#Human breast milk, #Vaginally delivery] - At 6 weeks postpartum, the composition and structure of gut microbiota of #Cesarean section-delivered (CSD) infants differed from those of vaginally delivered (VD) infants, with decreased #Bacteroides and #Escherichia-#Shigella and increased #Klebsiella, #Veillonella, and #Enterococcus. - At 6 months postpartum, these delivery mode-induced microbial shifts were restored by exclusive breastfeeding, resulting in similar gut microbial profiles between VD and CSD infants who were exclusively breastfed and more variable gut microbial profiles between VD and CSD infants who were mixed fed. [1.22] [#Vaginal Microbiome Transfer] - VMT significantly accelerated gut microbiota maturation and regulated levels of certain fecal metabolites and metabolic functions, including carbohydrate, energy, and amino acid metabolisms [1.23] - #Choline supplementation in pregnant mothers has beneficial effects on brain development, leading to improved neurocognitive outcomes in infants [1.24] [#humanized Galactooligosaccharides] - In infants, GOS reduces the risk of #Atopic Dermatitis and eczema [#humanized Galactooligosaccharides] - GOSs can greatly stimulate #Bifidobacteria and #Lactobacilli. #Bifidobacteria in infants have shown high incorporation with GOS. Enterobacteria, #Bacteroidetes, and #Firmicutes are also stimulated by GOS, but to a lesser extent than #Bifidobacteria [1.25] [#Human breast milk] - breastfed infants generally have a higher abundance of #Bifidobacterium and decreased abundance of #Bacteroides and #Firmicutes compared to non-breastfed infants [1.26] - the presence of #Veillonella has been associated with the development of a healthy immune system in infants. [1.27] [#Atopic Dermatitis] - depletion of #Bacteroides and an enrichment of #Clostridium sensu stricto 1 in the gut microbiome of infants with eczema at 1 year old. [#Atopic Dermatitis] - alterations in the infant gut microbiota precede the development of eczema. [1.28] [#Parabacteroides distasonis] [#Osteopontin] [#Human breast milk] - #Lactalbumin at 42 days, > positively correlated with P. distasonis. - #Lactalbumin have pointed to improved early immunity and intestinal mucosal barrier. - #Lactalbumin and OPN might jointly affect P. distasonis early in life to regulate infant immunity. [#Veillonella parvula] [#Human breast milk] - #sIgA content in human milk at 42 days was positively correlated with V. parvula. - #sIgA > regulate microbial colonization and the infant immune response [1.29] [#Allergy, #Food Allergy] [#Akkermansia muciniphila] - A. muciniphila was reported to be decreased in the faecal microbiota of severe asthmatic patients, and oral supplementation of A. muciniphila to the native complex gut microbiota was able to modulate the immunophenotype and protect mice from allergic airway inflammation. - By contrast, the abundance of A. muciniphila or its family #Verrucomicrobiaceae has been reported to be transiently increased in the faeces of food allergic infants by the age of 13–18 months [#Antibiotic Therapy, #Infants treated with antibiotic] - exposure to antibiotics early in life can lead to reduced diversity up to two years after exposure. [#Juvenile idiopathic arthritis] [#Antibiotic Therapy] - #Prevotella 9 and #Acidaminococcales were higher in ABIS JIA, infants with antibiotic exposures, and infants who had #Siblings. [#Juvenile idiopathic arthritis] [#Akkermansia muciniphila] - A muciniphila, a bacterium shown to have numerous positive effects on intestinal homeostasis, epithelial development, and gut barrier function, was significantly reduced in infants with future JIA. [#Juvenile idiopathic arthritis] - increased #Prevotella 9 prevalence was found in infants who later developed JIA compared to matched controls [1.31] [#Bifidobacterium infantis] - B. infantis elicits immunosuppressive T-cell responses in neonates. The generation of pro-inflammatory versus regulatory T-cells may be influenced by the strength and type of inflammatory context, as well as a certain localization [1.32] - After birth, the neonatal oral microbiome is dominated by #Streptococcaceae, #Staphylococcaceae, Gemellaceae, #Pasteurellaceae, and #Lactobacillales [#Natural oral microbiomes] - similar to the #Adult oral microbiome, the infant oral microbiome is dominated by #Streptococcus [1.33] [#Allergy] [#Antibiotic Therapy, #Mother-infant] - Antibiotic exposure during #Pregnancy was associated with preschool #Asthma, wheezing, #Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and any allergic disease in offspring up to age 3 years. [#Infantile eczema] [#Antibiotic Therapy, #Mother-infant] - maternal antibiotic use was not associated with food allergies, #Atopic Dermatitis, or eczema. [1.34] [#Antimicrobial peptides] - #Hyperoxia inhibited AMP transcription, both in vivo in neonatal mice and in vitro in intestinal organoids. - this altered the intestinal microbiota. Conversely, augmenting intestinal AMP levels by oral administration of lysozyme altered the intestinal microbiota. [1.35] [#Plant Microbiome] - to the presence of #Oxygen in the newborn gut,Citation37 facultative anaerobic #Gammaproteobacteria i.e., #Pantoea, #Erwinia, and #Acinetobacter which originate from fruit and vegetables can colonize in the gut of infants during the early weaning period. - due to the reduced #Oxygen concentration,Citation38 anaerobic #Bacteria, i.e., Lentilactobacillus and #Lactobacillus, emerge during the 8th to 12th month. [1.36] [#Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum] - B. pseudocatenulatum > commonly associated with weaning to solid food in early age [1.37] - neonates are often missing #Bilirubin reductase > #Neonatal jaundice is exacerbated by the absence or low abundance of #Bilirubin-reducing microorganisms in the gut. [1.38] [#Colorectal cancer] [#Escherichia coli] - #Colibactin-producing pks+ E. coli+ promotes CRC development by causing double-stranded DNA breakage and a specific pattern of mutational signature, namely SBS88 and ID18. - early-life exposure to pks+ E. coli+ may influence early-onset tumorigenesis. - Pks+ E. coli+ is a common gut bacteria found in ~31% of healthy infants by 1-month post-birth. - prolonged exposure to this bacteria may be necessary to result in DNA damage. - pks+ E. coli+ does not cause a highly immunogenic tumour microenvironment (TME), at least at the time of CRC diagnosis/resection. [1.39] [#Atopic Dermatitis] - AD infants skin microbiota composition in early life preceding AD onset was predominantly driven by the enrichment of #Pseudomonas stutzeri and reduction of #Staphylococcus and #Corynebacterium species. - This bacterial signature was linked with lower natural moisturizing factors [NMF] (PCA, Urocanic acid-cis) and higher #Antimicrobial peptides [AMPs] (alpha and beta defensin) levels. [#Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, #Autism] - #Akkermansia muciniphila was absent in ABIS infants later diagnosed with ASD or comorbid ASD/ADHD and inversely correlated with GI and mood symptoms in early childhood. - Akkermansia was not associated with future ADHD, suggesting that disruptions in mucin health have a more robust connection to ASD. [#Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, #Autism] - The presence of strains related to #Salmonella and #Citrobacter, labeled in this investigation as SREB, was significantly higher in infants who later developed comorbid ASD/ADHD (21%), compared to control [#Autism] - Several known #Equol producers were consistently higher in controls, including #Slackia and #Adlercreutzia equolifaciens. #Coriobacteriaceae, a family involved in lipid metabolism85 and #Equol production, was also depleted in infants with future NDs. - significant decrease in a potential #Equol signal in future ASD cases. [#Autism] - significant depletions of semi-essential amino acid L-#Arginine and essential amino acid lysine were observed in infants with future ASD, aligning with amino acid disruptions in #Children already diagnosed [#Autism] [#Triglyceride] - cord serum TG depletion in infants with future ASD, and these levels were found to be correlated with #Bifidobacterium abundance at 1 year. [#Autism] - In ABIS, infants who had otitis in their first year were found to be more prone to acquiring NDs if they lacked detectable levels of #Coprococcus or harbored #Citrobacter. [#Antibiotic Therapy] - #Coprococcus has potent anti-inflammatory properties and, in ABIS, was inversely associated with NDs and linked to protective factors, including lower vulnerability scores, fewer antibiotics (none in the first year), and infant diets with fewer snacks. [1.41] [#Human milk oligosaccharides] - Intake of infant formula containing synthetic hMOS has been shown to increase #Bifidobacterium abundance and that of its metabolites, especially #Acetate, in infant feces, and to reduce lower respiratory tract infections during the first year of life. - In infants worldwide, #Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory infections, including #Bronchiolitis, which is a major source of infant mortality. [#Human breast milk] - Breastfed infants present a lower incidence and less severe forms of RSV lower respiratory infections. References Notes[ ]
