Estrogen {90000162}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Breast cancer] 
  - Estrobolome, the bacterial gene mass in the human intestine, the products of which take part in estrogens metabolism, may increase the risk of estrogen receptor-positive BC in postmenopausal females. - Changes in gut microbiome composition may lead to the estrogen metabolism alternation and affect the BC risk.
• [1.2] [#Postmenopausal osteoporosis] [#Lipopolysaccharide] 
  - estrogen deficiency, the permeability of the gut increases leading to the translocation of harmful pathogens and the production of antigens (LPS) in the systemic circulation.
• [#Postmenopausal] - Gut #Bacteria that possess β-glucuronidase and/or β-galactosidase activity can metabolize estrogen including #Bifidobacterium, #Faecalibacterium, #Lactobacillus, #Veillonella
• [1.3] 
  - 60 bacterial genera from human gut microbiota (#Bacteroides, #Bifidobacterium, #Escherichia, #Faecalibacterium, and #Lactobacillus,) > encode β-glucuronidase and/or β-galactosidase > impacting endogenous estrogen metabolism
• [1.4] 
  - women with low estradiol were significantly enriched of #Actinobacteria and #Bacteroidetes,
• - Estradiol has been reported to influence fear and #Anxiety behaviors, and enhanced fear extinction memory recall has been observed in periods of higher estrogen concentration or when estradiol was administered exogenously
• - Β-glucuronidase activity is found extensively in the gut microbiota, particularly in #Clostridia, but also other taxa including #Bacteroides and #Bifidobacteria.
• - Increasing estradiol was correlated with an increase in #Bacteroidetes and a decrease in #Firmicutes, leading women with low estradiol to have a higher #Firmicutes to #Bacteroidetes ratio.
• - Gut bacteria, specifically of the genera #Bifidobacterium, #Clostridium, and #Lactobacillus, can produce enzymes such as β-glucuronidases that modify excreted estrogens, causing them to be retained in the body via reabsorption into circulation. This leads to increased estrogen levels which can cause several hormone-linked diseases.
• [1.5] 
  - different subtypes of #Breast cancer according to their estrogen receptor (ER), #Progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 status,> multiple bacterial taxa whose prevalence was different between the subtypes.
• [1.6] [#Multiple Sclerosis] [#Phytoestrogen] 
  - Estrogens have also been shown to possess immunomodulatory properties and ameliorate MS during #Pregnancy
• [1.7] 
  - GM mainly controls estrogen levels through the secretion of an enzyme called β-glucuronidase, which is encoded by several GM genera, including #Bacteroides, #Bifidobacterium, #Escherichia, and #Lactobacillus
• - higher levels of taxa that encode for β-glucuronidase, which are mainly #Bifidobacterium and #Escherichia, in #Endometriosis women compared with control women.
• - β-glucuronidase promoted #Endometriosis development directly or indirectly by causing macrophage dysfunction.
• [#Polycystic ovary syndrome] - These deconjugated and unbound “active” estrogens enter the bloodstream and subsequently act on estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), eliciting downstream activation of intracellular signaling cascades, gene transcription, and epigenetic effects. - When there is a decrease in β-glucuronidase activity due to an imbalance in the GM community (dysbiosis), there is less estrogen deconjugation, resulting in lower circulating estrogen levels. - increased β-glucuronidase activity can increase estrogen levels.
• [1.8] 
  - #Eggerthella in humans has been shown to produce #Equol, a #Phytoestrogen, with estrogenic properties and binding affinity to estrogen receptors
• [1.9] [#Adlercreutzia equolifaciens] [#Soybean] 
  - A. equolofaciens produces the nonsteroidal estrogen #Equol from isoflaven found in soybeans
• - #Equol has been studied for anti-inflammatory effects and estrogenic activity.

References Notes