Bacteriophage {51111186}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - More than 140,000 viral species (bacteriophage) living in the human gut, most of which had never been identified before. - One third of gut bacteriophages infect several different bacteria rather than a single bacterial species
• - #Firmicutes harbor a significantly higher viral diversity than the other types of bacteria.
• [1.2] [#Escherichia coli] 
• [1.3] 
• [1.4] [#Schizophrenia] 
  - Lactobacillus phiadh infects #Lactobacillus gasseri. - At least 1 match for Lactobacillus phage phiadh was found in 17 of 41 of PWS, as compared to 1 of 33 of controls. - The study also found that the level of Lactobacillus phiadh > correlated with an increased rate of comorbid immunological disorders in PWS. - The phage Lactobacillus phiadh modulates the level of its host bacterium, #Lactobacillus gasseri, which affects the host’s immune system.
• [1.5] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] 
  - #Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) strains are associated with IBD severity across geography. - A Kp-targeting five-phage combination suppresses intestinal inflammation in IBD models
• [1.6] [#Colorectal cancer, #Crohn’s disease] [#Western-style diet] 
  - the abundance of a class of crAss-like phages, a group of related viruses that includes some of the most abundant viruses of the human gut, were higher in populations with non-westernized dietary habits - several types of crAss-like phages were present at decreased levels in people with #Rheumatoid Arthritis, #Systemic lupus erythematosus, #Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn disease, and at increased levels in people with colon cancer.
• [1.7] [#Cutaneous T cell lymphomas] [#Staphylococcus aureus] 
  - #Endolysin strongly inhibits proliferation of S. aureus isolated from CTCL skin and significantly decreases S. aureus bacterial cell counts in a dose-dependent manner. - #Endolysin inhibits the patient-derived S. aureus induction of Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and IFNγ-inducible chemokine CXCL10 in healthy skin. - #Endolysin strongly inhibits the effects of S. aureus on activation (reduced CD25 and STAT5 phosphorylation) and proliferation (reduced Ki67) of malignant T cells and cell lines in the presence of non-malignant T cells.
• [1.8] [#Natural Small intestine Microbiome] 
  - eukaryotic viral families present in the SI include #Anelloviridae, Papillomaviridae, Picornaviridae, and #Virgaviridae, and bacteriophage families include #Caudovirales, #Siphoviridae, #Myoviridae, and #Podoviridae.
• [1.9] [#Cognitive impairment, #Mild Cognitive Impairment] 
  - higher abundance of #Lactobacillus phages (family #Siphoviridae of the order #Caudovirales positively associated with better cognitive function; and transplantation of these phages from humans to mice and Drosophila showed increased memory scores and upregulation of memory-involved brain genes.
• [#Mild Cognitive Impairment] [#Aging] - overall abundance of viruses increased in the gut of older adults with MCI compared with controls. - abundance of Podovirideae, Inovirideae, Myovirideae, and Siphovirideae, which belong to bacteriophage types of viral families
• [#Mild Cognitive Impairment] [#Aging] - older adults with MCI had higher abundance of Lactococcus phage ul36 which specifically regulates the #Probiotic bacteria like #Lactococcus lactis (a common yogurt culture)
• [#Metabolic associated fatty liver disease] [#Alcohol Consumption] - high alcohol-producing #Klebsiella pneumoniae (HiAlc Kpn) in the intestinal microbiome could be one of the causes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). - treatment with HiAlc Kpn-specific phage was able to alleviate steatohepatitis caused by HiAlc Kpn, including hepatic dysfunction and expression of cytokines and lipogenic genes.
• [1.11] 
• [1.12] [#Colorectal cancer] [#Fusobacterium nucleatum] 
  - phages targeting F. nucleatum, combined with irinotecan were able to reduce tumor growth, while selectively inhibiting CRC-associated bacterium F. nucleatum in vivo
• [1.13] 
  - Concentrations of the secondary bile acid, #Deoxycholic acid (DCA), are aberrantly elevated in #Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, - DCA is a negative regulator for CD8+ T cell effector function. - DCA suppressed CD8+ T cell responses by targeting plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) to inhibit Ca2+-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)2 signaling. In CRC patients, CD8+ T cell effector function negatively correlated with both DCA concentration and expression of a bacterial DCA biosynthetic gene. - Bacteria harboring DCA biosynthetic genes suppressed CD8+ T cells effector function and promoted tumor growth in mice. This effect was abolished by disrupting bile acid metabolism via bile acid chelation, genetic ablation of bacterial DCA biosynthetic pathway, or specific bacteriophage.

References Notes