Choline {60000079}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#High Fat Diet] 
  - A high-fat diet impairs mitochondrial uptake of oxygen into host enterocytes and elevates nitrate in the mucus, which in turn weakens healthy anaerobic gut function. Facultative anaerobes such as the pathobiont #Escherichia coli become dominant, which leads to an overall increase in the amount of choline catabolized into the precursor for TMAO.
• [1.2] [#Egg Consumption, #Meat-based diet] 
  - dietary choline or L-#Carnitine, which are found in foods such as meat and eggs, are metabolized by the gut microbiota into #TMA in the intestine. - #TMA enters the blood circulation and is transformed into #TMAO in the liver.
• [1.3] [#Meat-based diet] 
  - The animal meat-derived metabolites #Carnitine, choline, or #Phosphocholine (PC) are degraded by gut bacteria to trimethylamine (#TMA), which is further metabolized in the liver to trimethylamine N-oxide (#TMAO)
• - The microbiota metabolizes phosphatidylcholine, choline, and #Carnitine to produce trimethylamine (#TMA), which is further metabolized in the liver to trimethylamine-N-oxide (#TMAO).
• [#Colorectal cancer] - Plasma choline and #TMAO levels correlate with an increased risk for CRC and serum #TMAO levels are significantly increased in CRC patients.
• [1.4] [#Chronic fatigue syndrome] 
  - altered plasma levels of choline, #Carnitine and complex lipid metabolites.
• [1.5] 
  - the ratio of two particular plant-associated metabolites to #Betaine, an osmoregulatory compound downstream of choline, was significantly higher in normal cognition than #Mild Cognitive Impairment
• [1.6] [#Ceramides, #Para-cresol] [#Aging] 
  - Among metabolites that were positively associated with age, seven were common in all four groups (aconitic acid, choline, #Citrulline, #Cysteine, cystine, #kynurenine, and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA)) and 10 were common in three out of four groups (aspartic acid, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), butyrylcarnitine, ceramide d18:1/24:1, ceramide d18:1/25:0, ceramide d18:2/24:1, hippuric acid, homocysteine, methionine sulfoxide, and p-cresol #Sulfate)
• [1.7] [#Animal fat consumption, #Beef protein high-fat diets (HFB), #High protein / animal fat diets, #High satureted fat diet] 
  - The first enterotype, high in #Bacteroides and low in #Prevotella, is found in individuals on a long-term Western diet high in animal protein, the nutrient choline, and saturated fat.
• [1.8] [#Blood Brain Barrier Integrity] 
  - Trimethylamine, a metabolite of dietary choline, #Betaine, and l-#Carnitine, has been reported to exert detrimental impact on the BBB integrity.
• [1.9] [#Autism] 
  - Autistic children were less likely to consume foods high in #Glutamic acid, serine, choline, #Phenylalanine, #Leucine, #Tyrosine, #Valine and #Histidine, all compounds involved in neurotransmitter biosynthesis
• - Choline, #Carnitine and #Betaine present in fish, egg, and red meats are metabolized to #TMAO by gut bacteria. - Responsible Bacteria are #Anaerococcus hydrogenalis, #Clostridium asparagiforme, #Clostridium hathewayi, #Clostridium sporogenes, #Escherichia fergusonii, #Proteus penneri, #Providencia rettgeri etc.
• [1.11] 
  - #Lentils (LEN) and #Chickpeas (CKP) increase #Butyrate, while #Inulin (INU) promotes #Propionate. - #Bile Acids and #Cholesterol are reduced in #Prebiotic groups along with suppressed choline-to-trimethylamine conversion by LEN and CKP
• [1.12] [#Prostate cancer] 
  - Men who have greater levels of choline, #Betaine, or PCA-related metabolites linked to the gut microbiome (such as #Phenylacetylglutamine) have around two times as many chances of developing incident PCA cancer in the future.
• [1.13] 
  - trimethylamine-N-oxide (#TMAO) from choline metabolism can cross the blood–brain barrier to influence brain pathology and the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. - A positive association between serum #TMAO levels and #Depression severity has been reported in individuals.
• [1.14] 
  - Bacterial enzymes in the gut digest choline into trimethylamine, which is then transported to the liver where it undergoes an oxidation step to form trimethylamine N-oxide (#TMAO)
• - Choline supplementation in pregnant mothers has beneficial effects on brain development, leading to improved neurocognitive outcomes in #Infants
• [#Hearing loss] - Choline supplements particularly benefit the central auditory system in individuals requiring hearing aids due to hearing deterioration with age
• [1.15] [#Metabolic associated fatty liver disease] 
  - #Betaine, choline, #Betaine, #Folate, and #Vitamin B12 deficiencies may promote DNA methylation, boosting hepatic #Triglyceride production.
• [1.16] [#Clostridium clusters XIVa] 
  - Components with the[N(CH3)3] structure, such as choline, #Phosphatidylcholine, and L-#Carnitine, can be used by #Clostridium (primarily #Clostridium XIVa and #Eubacterium) and Proteobacterium produced trimethylamine (#TMA) lyases to form #TMA. - #TMA is a foul-smelling gas that smells like rotten fish
• [1.17] [#Clostridium asparagiforme, #Clostridium citroniae, #Clostridium hathewayi, #Clostridium sporogenes] [#TMA, #TMAO] 
  - #Clostridium sp (C asparagiforme, C citroniae, C hathewayi, and C sporogenes), #Desulfovibrio, and #Enterobacteriaceae (#Escherichia coli and #Acinetobacter sp), can respond to a diet rich in choline, an essential nutrient for omnivores, and convert it to trimethylamine, which is then metabolised in the liver to trimethylamine N-oxide, a microbiome derived proatherogenic metabolite.
• [1.18] 
  - for many metabolites (e.g., phosphate, #Glucose, #Galactose and choline), we observe a high proportion of producers when species diversity is low, but the proportion of consumers overtakes producers as species richness increases. - low species richness is associated with a lack of metabolites available for consumption, favouring species that are self-sufficient in producing these metabolites.
• [1.19] 
  - Metabolic rewiring of these pathways by #Vitamin B12 reduces cholinergic signalling by limiting the availability of free choline required by neurons to synthesize #Acetylcholine
• [#Meat-based diet] - #TMA is synthesized from choline found in eggs, red meat or fish and is subsequently transformed in the liver into its active metabolite trimethylamine Noxide (#TMAO), which eventually acts as a neuronal protein stabilizer.
• - Distinct VOC signatures for #Schizophrenia were m/z 60 and m/z 74. The first of these was identified as trimethylamine (#TMA). - patients with #Schizophrenia displayed a significantly lower concentration of #TMA in their breath. - Decreased production of #TMA is found in patients with choline-deficient diets, in nonalcoholic #Steatohepatitis and may result in #Obesity and #Hyperglycemia, which are often seen in patients with #Schizophrenia.

References Notes