Cholesterol {90000223}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Bile Acids] 
  - #Grape powder consumption > decreased the total cholesterol by 6.1% and HDL cholesterol by 7.6%. - There was also a trend of decreasing LDL cholesterol by 5.9%, and decreasing total bile acid by 40.9%.
• [1.2] [#Reduced cholesterol] 
  - #Arabinoxylan decreases cholesterol in part through increased bile acid synthesis. - AX consumption associates with a significant #Reduction in LDL and an increase in #Bile Acids, contributing to its observed cholesterol reduction.
• [1.3] [#CVD] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] [#Probiotic, #Probiotic (Bifidobacter and Lactobacilus)] 
  - Short-chain fatty acids and secondary #Bile Acids can decrease cholesterol levels by regulating cholesterol metabolism. - Microbial #Bile Salt hydrolases can increase cholesterol disposal rates by accelerating its conversion to #Bile Acids. - Probiotics from the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are efficient reducers of cholesterol levels in clinical studies. - Several candidate next-generation probiotics, including #Akkermansia muciniphila, #Bacteroides spp., #Clostridium spp., #Christensenella minuta, Eubacterium spp., and #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, have been shown to decrease cholesterol levels in human or animal studies.
• [1.4] 
  - At the genus level, #Prevotella and #Bacteroides were significantly enriched in the #Meditation group. - Two beneficial bacterial genera (#Megamonas and #Faecalibacterium) were significantly enriched in the #Meditation group. - Several pathways—including glycan biosynthesis, metabolism and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis—were significantly enriched in the #Meditation group. - Plasma levels of clinical risk factors were significantly decreased in the #Meditation group, including total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B.
• [1.5] 
  - #Clostridia can metabolise cholesterol to #Coprostanol, which escapes hepatic recirculation as it is not reabsorbed by colonocytes.
• [#Inflamatory bowel disease] - #Secondary bile acids escape hepatic recirculation, which reportedly, in turn, decreases cholesterol absorption and enhances its fecal excretion via modulation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signalling. - Microbial modulation of bile acid profiles has been linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with related FXR modifications as an underlying mechanism of gut barrier destabilisation
• [1.6] [#CVD, #Obesity] [#Inulin-Type Fructans] 
  - Addition of ITF to the #Plant-based diet reduced microbial diversity and selectively increased #Bifidobacterium and #Faecalibacterium. -- The change in the latter was significantly associated with higher values of insulin and HOMA-IR and lower HDL cholesterol. - The LDL:HDL ratio and the concentrations of IL-10, MCP-1 and TNFα were significantly elevated in the ITF-subgroup.
• [1.7] 
  - #TMAO can reduce the production of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, thereby reducing the production of #Bile Acids, causing cholesterol to accumulate in cells. - At the same time, up-regulating the expression of the vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) can promote monocyte adhesion, activate protein kinase C (PKC) and p-NF-κB, and further lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque.
• [1.8] [#Alzheimer’s disease] [#Adult] 
  - A 15 mg/dL increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was associated with decreased AD risk during earlyand middle adulthood. - A 15 mg/dL increase in #Glucose measured during middle adulthood was associated with 14.5% increased AD risk .
• [1.9] 
  - #Acetate promotes cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, but inhibits GNG.
• - Some #Bacteria impair the expression of FIAF and AMPK, increasing cholesterol and fatty acids synthesis, lipogenesis, but inhibiting lipolysis.
• - #Propionate promotes GNG, satiety, less food intake and minor cholesterol synthesis.
• [#Obesity] - #Acetate is a substrate for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, which inhibits gluconeogenesis - #Acetate causes browning of white adipose tissue which increases the expression of genes associated with lipogenesis
• [#Obesity] - #Propionate is used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis, which increases energy expenditure and reduces food intake and cholesterol synthesis.
• [#Olive] - both the #Peanut oil and EVOO significantly increased the relative abundance of #Bifidobacterium and reduced #Blautia levels and also had favorable effects on body weight, cholesterol levels, and insulin sensitivity.
• [#Phenolic acids] - #Olive oil phenolic compounds demonstrate cholesterol binding activity and can impair cholesterol absorption in the intestine, as well as reduce oxidation of LDL via their antioxidant effects
• [#Olive] - #Lachnospiraceae, known to increase with EVOO consumption, positively correlated with plasma HDL cholesterol in humans.
• - #Lactobacillus to lower plasma cholesterol levels may be due partly to the enhanced #Bile Salt hydrolase activity this genus exhibits, as well as the ability to convert cholesterol to #Coprostanol, both leading to an impairment of cholesterol absorption in the intestine.
• [#Olive] - #Lactobacillus, also elevated with EVOO consumption25,29 when administered in #Probiotic form, promoted a significant reduction in plasma total cholesterol levels in mice as well as human patients with hypercholesterolemia.
• [1.11] [#Metabolic syndrome] [#Akkermansia muciniphila] 
  - mucin degradation products accumulate in internal compartments within A. muciniphila in a process that requires genes encoding pili and a periplasmic protein complex, which we term mucin utilization locus (MUL) genes. - MUL genes were required for intestinal colonization in mice but only when competing with other microbes. In germ-free mice, MUL genes were required for A. muciniphila to repress genes important for cholesterol biosynthesis in the colon.
• [1.12] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - In type 2 diabetes patients, #Lachnoclostridium correlated positively with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a poorer metabolic profile
• [1.13] 
  - #Coriobacteriaceae have been positively correlated with total cholesterol, low-density cholesterol, and body mass index in healthy humans.
• [1.14] 
  - The #Bile Salt hydrolase of probiotics is thought to play an important role in bile acid homeostasis because it hydrolyzes the bound bile salts to form amino acids and less soluble free #Bile Acids, which bind to cholesterol to reduce serum cholesterol levels
• - lipid-lowering of probiotics and #Lactobacillus oris may be associated with HMGR inhibition to suppress the synthesis of endogenous cholesterol; #Bile Acids reabsorption, and intestinal FXR-FGF15 signaling pathways promoting the cholesterol conversion into #Bile Acids secretion.
• [1.15] 
  - It has been reported that consumptions of #Polyphenols and #Phytosterols such as β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol, are beneficial for the human immune system and health due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-lowering activity
• - Both #Polyphenols and #Phytosterols reduce cholesterol levels in the cell membrane or destabilize the structure of lipid rafts, which are the main docking sites for #Covid-19 entry and genome release
• [1.16] 
  - #Lentils (LEN) and #Chickpeas (CKP) increase #Butyrate, while #Inulin (INU) promotes #Propionate. - #Bile Acids and cholesterol are reduced in #Prebiotic groups along with suppressed #Choline-to-trimethylamine conversion by LEN and CKP
• [#Resistant starch] - The #Bile Acids-binding capacity of RS could aid in weight management, glycemic index modulation, and cholesterol reduction
• [1.17] [#Hypercholesterolaemia] [#Beta-glucan] [#Oat] 
  - Oats could be considered a functional food because of the presence of β-glucan, a soluble fiber shown to reduce cholesterol
• [#Hypercholesterolaemia] - #Bile Acids can be deconjugated by certain microbiota, which inhibits their reabsorption > elevation of bile acid synthesis inliver > reducing of Blood Cholesterol
• [1.18] 
  - #Walnut consumption also decreased pro-inflammatory #Bile Acids #Deoxycholic acid and #Lithocholic acid and serum LDL cholesterol
• [1.19] [#CVD, #Hypercholesterolaemia] [#Enterococcus faecium, #Lactobacillus paracasei] 
  - E. faecium strain 132 and L. paracasei strain 201 may alleviate hypercholesterolemia in rats
• [#Hypercholesterolaemia] - #Enterococcus faecium strain 132 and #Lactobacillus paracasei strain 201 reduced liver inflammation, improved the lipid profile by regulating the gene expression related to cholesterol metabolism and reduced fat accumulation.
• [#Beta apolipoprotein] - #lactulose increased blood cholesterol and B-apolipoprotein
• [#Beta-glucan] - β-glucan consumption could reduce the level of total cholesterol and LDL
• [1.21] 
  - #Cutibacterium acnes induced a large increase in essential lipids including triglycerides, #Ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids. - C. acnes can mediate this effect through its production of #Propionic acid and subsequent activation of keratinocyte PPARα. - This increase in lipids was mediated by short-chain fatty acids produced by #Cutibacterium acnes and was dependent on increased expression of several lipid synthesis genes including glycerol-3-phosphate-acyltransferase-3. - Inhibition or RNA silencing of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor–α (PPARα), but not PPARβ and PPARγ, blocked this response.
• [1.22] 
  - #TMAO has been shown to promote the formation of #Atherosclerosis in murine macrophages by upregulating the scavenger receptor (SR), increasing the expression of #Heat shock proteins (HSPs), proinflammatory cytokines, and plasma cholesterol levels
• [1.23] [#Autism] [#Bacteroides fragilis] 
  - ASD > increased cholesterol biosynthesis genes in the cortices of B. fragilis treated mice.
• [#Autism] - dysregulation of serum cholesterol homeostasis in individuals with ASD, and hypocholesterolemia is the most common finding.
• [1.24] [#Lactococcus lactis] 
  - oral administration of L. lactis strain NZ3900 pre-stimulated with #Nisin significantly limited the formation of a fatty liver phenotype and the progression of early #Atherosclerosis in a rabbit model fed a high cholesterol diet.
• [1.25] [#CVD, #Hypercholesterolaemia, #Hyperlipidemia] 
  - Species from the #Oscillibacter genus were associated with decreased fecal and plasma cholesterol levels. - human gut #Oscillibacter isolates > conserved cholesterol-metabolizing capabilities, including glycosylation and dehydrogenation. - cholesterol metabolism is a broad property of phylogenetically diverse #Oscillibacter spp.
• [1.26] [#Major depressive disorder, #Parkinson’s Disease] 
  - #Isoprene is involved in the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol synthesis. - decreased exhaled levels of #Isoprene have been detected in patients with #Lung cancer. - #Isoprene > a key role in cell membrane integrity, which has been linked to several neurologic and psychiatric disorders, such as #Schizophrenia and #Bipolar disorder, as well as Parkinson disease and #Multiple Sclerosis. - A possible neuroprotective function of #Isoprene might explain its absence in the breath of patients with #Schizophrenia and MDD, indicating a disturbance in neuroprotection in psychiatric disorders.
• [1.27] [#Quinolinic acid] [#High Fat Diet] 
  - QA inhibits the increase of cholesterol, #TMA, #TMAO, CXCL13, TIMP-1 and HMGB1 levels in peripheral blood of Apoe−/− mice induced by HFD, suggesting that QA can effectively inhibit HFD-induced #Atherosclerosis.
• [1.28] 
  - FXR activation inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption with the FXR agonist GSK2324 reduced absorption and selective decreases in fatty acid synthesis
• [1.29] 
  - Certain strains within the #Eubacterium coprostanoligenes possess steroid-metabolizing abilities, participating in cholesterol metabolism and converting cholesterol into the cholesterol degradation product, #Coprostanol. - potential causal relationship between the #Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, #Eubacterium fissicatena, and #Psoriasis risk.
• - #Bifidobacterium bifidum is considered to have a protective effect on the cardiovascular system, and many studies have shown that it can lower human blood cholesterol levels, thus reducing the risk of #Atherosclerosis

References Notes