Walnut {51111311} Record Keys Definition:Walnut Queue:[ ] Details Initialisation date:[ ] Specification: [ ] Meta Information Type:Diet Host:[ ] Zone:[ ] Notes: [ ]Shared Reference Notes [1.1] - Daily supplementation of walnuts in a controlled-feeding study increased relative abundances of Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Clostridium, and Dialister [1.2] [#Clostridiales XIV, #Clostridium cluster IV] - walnut consumption at 42 g/day, increased #Butyrate-producing #Clostridium clusters XIV and IV including, #Faecalibacterium, #Roseburia, while lowering the relative abundance of #Ruminococcus, #Dorea, Oscilllo, #Bifidobacteria. - Walnut consumption also decreased pro-inflammatory #Bile Acids #Deoxycholic acid and #Lithocholic acid and serum LDL #Cholesterol [1.3] [#Parkinson’s Disease] - walnut extract improved symptoms of PD, reduced #Oxidative stress, and protected neurons in mice. [1.4] - Walnuts are a source of l-#Arginine and walnut-induced improvements in endothelial function and vascular reactivity have been partly attributed to l-#Arginine. - microbial metabolism of l-#Arginine, by bacteria such as Gordonibacter, might increase endogenous production of homoarginine to confer cardioprotective effects. [#Atherosclerosis] [#Glycine amidinotransferase] - GATM gene correlate with plasma #Homoarginine concentrations and greater cellular GATM expression in vitro is associated with increased homoarginine. - Low serum #Homoarginine is an independent biomarker for increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. - #Homoarginine supplementation reduces atherosclerotic plaque development via modulation of the adaptive immune system - Following Walnut Diet > greater K00613 gene expression by #Gordonibacter > encodes #Glycine amidinotransferase (GATM). - GATM is involved in #Arginine and #Glycine metabolism and catalyzes the transfer of the guanidino group from l-#Arginine to #Glycine or l-lysine producing guanidinoacetate or l-homoarginine, respectively. - GATM deficiency results in diminished intracellular energy stores and a lack of l-#Homoarginine and has been linked to impaired cardiac and cerebrovascular function. - nitrates in walnuts were metabolized by gut microbiota including #Gordonibacter to produce #Nitric Oxide. References Notes[ ]
