Disease ⇒ Hypertension {40000141} Record Keys Type:Disease Parent:[ ] Definition:Hypertension Details Initialisation date:2020-09-06 Other Terms:HTN , HT, high blood pressure (HBP) LinksWickipediaMerck Manual Meta Information MedDra ID:10020772 MedDra Level:pt ICD:[ ] Category:Cardiovascular Zone:[ ] Mechanism:[ ] Notes: - Higher levels of the genus Ruminococcus > increased risk of high blood pressure. (3) - Along with a reduction in Bacteroidetes members, hypertensive individuals were indeed mainly characterized by increased proportions of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia while decreased relative abundances of well-known butyrate-producing commensals, including Roseburia and Faecalibacterium within the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families. Shared Reference Notes [1.1] - Along with a reduction in Bacteroidetes members, hypertensive individuals were indeed mainly characterized by increased proportions of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia while decreased relative abundances of well-known butyrate-producing commensals, including Roseburia and Faecalibacterium within the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families. [1.2] - Sodium reduction > increased all 8 SCFAs > significant increases in 2-methylbutyrate, butyrate, hexanoate, isobutyrate, and valerate. - Increased SCFAs > decreased blood pressure and improved arterial compliance > significant sex differences of SCFAs in response to sodium reduction. - Sodium reduction only in Female > significant increases in butyrate, hexanoate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate. - In females > changes in isobutyrate, isovalerate, and 2-methylbutyrate > inversely associated with reduced blood pressures. - Increased valerate > associated with decreased carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. [1.3] - Elevated putative #Succinate-producing bacteria and #Acetate-producing bacteria > respectively, lower and higher mean arterial pressure in mouse - #Prevotella and #Klebsiella > overrepresented in individuals with pHTN or HTN. [1.4] [#Akkermansia muciniphila] [#Thiamin] - A. muciniphila > vitamin B1 productio > may influence blood pressure. [1.5] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - Olf78 >The last receptor for SCFAs > observed in the olfactory bulb, enteroendocrine cells, the kidney, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, and heart. - Acetate and propionate, but not butyrate > stimulate Olf78 > induces an increase in blood pressure via renin secretion . [1.6] - A 5-day fast followed by a modified Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diet reduces systolic blood pressure, need for antihypertensive medications, body-mass index at three months post intervention compared to a modified Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diet alone. - #Fasting alters > gut microbiome > impacting bacterial taxa and gene modules associated with short-chain fatty acid production. - #Propionate treatment in mice > antihypertensive effect. [1.7] [1.8] [1.9] - #Prevotella copri > thrives in a pro-inflammatory environment. - The superoxide reductase and phosphoadenosine phosphosulphate reductase encoded by #Prevotella copri > may favor the development of inflammation. - Colonization with #Prevotella copri > enhances body weight loss and exacerbates epithelial inflammation in colitis mouse model. - 9,10-dichloro-octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) > positive association > microflora including Klebsiella, #Prevotella, and Enterbacter > all overrepresented in HTN. - In HTN > microbial richness and diversity > decreased with #Prevotella-dominated gut enterotype. - Faecalibacterium, Oscillibacter, Roseburia, Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus, and Butyrivibrio > declined in pHTN and HTN patients. - The enterotype dominated by #Prevotella > increased in pHTN and HTN populations. - Stearic acid, an important metabolite in HTN, is positively linked to #Prevotella. - #Prevotella > triggering the inflammatory response > HTN. [1.11] - Nitrate-rich supplements > stimulate nitrate reduction by the oral microbiota > resulting in a lowering of blood pressure. [1.12] - Coexisting hypertension and #Periodontal disease > increased #Neisseria and #Solobacterium genera [1.13] - Abundance of #Blautia and #Odoribacter showed a negative correlation with high SBP [1.14] - Blood pressure > increased #Acetate, #Butyrate, and #Propionate [1.15] [#High salt diet] - Salt consumption decreased #Lactobacillus abundance, which was linked to increased T helper 17 cell numbers in murine small intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes and human peripheral blood lymphocytes, as well as higher blood pressure. - a high-salt diet reduced #Lactobacillus abundance, increased proinflammatory gene expression, and exacerbated #Colitis in two separate disease models [1.16] - Persons with hypertension had lower #Propionate concentrations [1.17] [#Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome] - the OSA-related hypoxia parameters were associated with the relative abundance of 128 gut bacterial species, including higher abundance of #Blautia obeum and #Collinsella aerofaciens. - #Collinsella aerofaciens was also independently associated with increased systolic BP. [1.18] - age-related decreases in endogenous #Melatonin production are correlated with disease and dysfunction. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate #Melatonin’s protective ability against mitochondria-mediated injury with hypertension and #Obesity, [1.19] [#Bacteroides-Prevotella group] - only #Faecalibacterium, but not #Blautia, #Anaerostipes, or #Megamonas, was significantly lower in the hypertension group [#Lipopolysaccharide, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] - hypertension groups > low gut microbial diversity and some distinctive taxa, depleted SCFA-producing bacteria, such as Ruminococcacea and #Faecalibacterium, and enriched LPS-producing gram-negative bacteria, such as #Bacteroidales, #Negativiticus, and #Megamonas, - the hypertensive group had higher levels of Gram-negative bacteria, predominantly from the families #Bacteroidetes and #Negativicutes. - #Butyrate can enter the bloodstream and exert a potent hypotensive effect by preventing vascular inflammation. - It can also act on vagal afferent neurons and the central nervous system to affect blood pressure. [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - normotension group exhibited higher levels of Gram-positive bacteria, such as #Clostridia, #Ruminococcaceae, and #Lachnospiraceae, which are mostly SCFA-producing bacteria. - #Faecalibacterium is the most potent #Butyrate-producing bacteria and the biomarker most closely associated with hypertension prevention. [#Atrial fibrillation] - An association between #Enorma and hypertension, which is strongly related to AF, has also been reported. [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - Blood pressure is a strong AF risk factor. - Bacteria of the genus #Odoribacter odproduce the SCFA acid #Butyrate, a signalling molecule in blood pressure control. - SCFAs interact with G-protein coupled receptor pathways including renin secretion and sympathetic activation,which are central to blood pressure regulation. [1.21] [#Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome] - OSA activates therenin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) system, leading to an increase in BP and causing volume overload, contributing to the development of hypertension and CVDs. - OSA is associated with increased sympathetic nervous system activity, which can further exacerbate hypertension and #CVD risk in diabetes. - Sympathetic activation can increase heart rate and vasoconstriction, leading to arrhythmias. [1.22] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - SCFAs, produced by the fermentation of fiber by gut microbiota, may activate receptors in the kidneys and blood vessels to inhibit renin release and decrease blood pressure [1.23] - TLR7 activation is associated with hypertension, endothelial dysfunction and gut dysbiosis. [#Systemic lupus erythematosus] - #Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 or #Bifidobacterium breve CECT7263 prevented hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in a mouse lupus model induced by TLR-7 activation. [#Antibiotic Therapy] - #Doxycycline has shown to attenuate blood pressure increase in different animal models of hypertension and to improve various aspects of vascular health. - #Doxycycline can influence the gut microbiota and improve intestinal barrier function, owing to its direct impact on the gut microbiota, as well as its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. [1.24] [#Heat shock proteins] - HSPs function as an immunomodulator, promoting the production of cytokines or transmitting receptor-mediated signals to other cells. - Hypertension, a risk factor for #Atherosclerosis, has been shown in studies to increase HSP secretion from macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. [1.25] [#Clostridium sporogenes] - C sporogenes, can convert dietary protein derived #Phenylalanine to #Phenylacetic acid, which is then converted by liver enzymes to #Phenylacetylglutamine, a metabolite linked with hypertension and increased risk of #Stroke. [1.26] [#Gestational Hypertension] - #Bacillus was associated with high blood pressure [#Gestational Hypertension] - a negative association between #Shewanella and Diastolic BP. - #Shewanella, commonly known as an environmental bacteria, has recently been reported to play an important role in multiple drug resistances - #Butyrate significantly reduces the effects of #Lipopolysaccharide, thereby promoting macrophage 1 polarization and inhibiting macrophage 2 polarization, ultimately leading to a reduction in blood pressure [1.27] - #Alistipes was associated with the level of bile acid, influencing portal hypertension though farnesoid-X receptor - #Alistipes might affect the host hypertension via bile acid metabolism. - the strong negative correlation between #Alistipes and steroid hormone biosynthesis may suggest that #Alistipes could reduce the BP by regulating steroid hormone biosynthesis, which is associated with hypertension - The probiotics-reduced BP was associated with the increased #Lawsonia and #Pyrolobus and reduced #Alistipes and #Alloprevotella. [#Bifidobacterium animalis lactis] - the decreased level of #Alistipes induced by B. lactis M8 was correlated with the reduced level of BP, consistent with previous reports that #Alistipes was positively correlated with BP [#Probiotic] - the probiotics reduced the abundance of #Alistipes and increased the level of #Pyrolobus, which is associated with lipid and vitamin metabolism, subsequently attenuating the development of hypertension. - BP was highly negatively correlated with the elevated abundance of #Allobaculum - #Allobaculum in mucin degradation and its inverse correlation with circulating #Leptin levels, known to influence BP - #Alloprevotella associated with the pathogenesis of hypertension by promoting the epithelial inflammatory response [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - The increased abundance of #Alloprevotella in the hypertensive mice was in line with a previous report that the SCFAs have higher levels in the feces of hypertensive individuals - In the serotonergic synapse pathway, #Arachidonic acid can relax blood vessels and reduce hypertension [#Bifidobacterium animalis lactis, #Lactobacillus rhamnosus] - the probiotics B. lactis M8 and L. rhamnosus M9 significantly reduced BP levels. [#Lactobacillus rhamnosus] - #Coprobacillus and #Butyricimonas, were both more abundant in the L. rhamnosus M9 group as compared to the #Fructose group, which suggests their roles in BP regulation. [#Limosilactobacillus (Lactobacillus) reuteri] - Lactobacillus reuteri was found to increase the serum #Vitamin D level. - #Vitamin D plays a role in suppressing renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activity, improving function of vascular wall and alleviating vascular #Oxidative stress to regulate hypertension [1.28] - A lower abundance of #Akkermansia has been linked with lifestyle diseases such as #Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and liver steatosis. [1.29] [#High fibre diet] - the minimum daily dietary fiber for adults with hypertension should be >28 g/day for women and >38 g/day for men, with each extra 5 g/day estimated to reduce systolic BP by 2.8 mm Hg and diastolic BP by 2.1 mm Hg. - Bacteroidetes (Odoribacter and Alistipes genera) > often contribute to the overall butyrogenic pool. - SCFA-producing bacteria > may affect blood pressure by direct effects of SCFA on vasodilation or through plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)References Notes[ ]
