Bile Salt {90000133}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, must be able to counteract the deleterious action of bile salts, which are the main components of bile to be able to survive the gastrointestinal transit and transiently colonize our gut. - Bile salts possess strong antimicrobial activity, since they are able to disorganize the structure of the cell membrane, as well as trigger DNA damage. - Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium display a variety of proteins devoted to the efflux of bile salts or protons, to modify sugar metabolism or to prevent protein misfolding.
• [1.2] 
  - Lactobacillus spp. , Bifidobacterium longum , Enterococcus faecalis , B. thetaiotaomicron and Christensenella minuta > in the small intestine > bile salt hydrolases (BSH) > deconjugate conjugated primary bile acids > reabsorbed mostly through passive diffusion along the epithelium and through active reabsorption in the terminal ileum. - 5% of bile acids escape reabsorption > further metabolized by intestinal bacteria > secondary bile acids.
• [1.3] [#CVD] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] [#Probiotic, #Probiotic (Bifidobacter and Lactobacilus)] 
  - Short-chain fatty acids and secondary #Bile Acids can decrease #Cholesterol levels by regulating #Cholesterol metabolism. - Microbial bile salt hydrolases can increase #Cholesterol disposal rates by accelerating its conversion to #Bile Acids. - Probiotics from the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are efficient reducers of #Cholesterol levels in clinical studies. - Several candidate next-generation probiotics, including #Akkermansia muciniphila, #Bacteroides spp., #Clostridium spp., #Christensenella minuta, Eubacterium spp., and #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, have been shown to decrease #Cholesterol levels in human or animal studies.
• [1.4] [#Multiple Sclerosis] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - MS > the absence of AHR, changes the gut microenvironment composition to generate metabolites that impact T cell viability, such as bile salts and short chain fatty acids.
• [1.5] [#Clostridium difficile associated disease] 
  -bile salt hydrolases (BSH) enzymes can restrict the growth of the deadly #Colitis-inducing bacterium #Clostridioides difficile.
• [#Clostridium difficile associated disease] [#Primary bile acids, #Tauro-cholic acid] - Bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) comprise a diverse family of microbial enzymes that catalyse critical BA transformation. - Primary conjugated BAs synthesized in the liver, such as the tauro- and glycoconjugates of #Cholic acid (TCA, GCA), are deconjugated by BSHs to generate #Cholic acid (CA)
• [1.6] [#Mild Cognitive Impairment] [#Bile Acids] [#Curcumin, #Mediterranean Ketogen Diet] 
  - MCI individuals with #Curcumin in their diet had lower levels of bile salt hydrolase-containing microbes and an altered bile acid pool, suggesting reduced gut motility.
• [1.7] 
  - #Lactobacillus to lower plasma #Cholesterol levels may be due partly to the enhanced bile salt hydrolase activity this genus exhibits, as well as the ability to convert #Cholesterol to #Coprostanol, both leading to an impairment of #Cholesterol absorption in the intestine.
• [1.8] 
  - The bile salt hydrolase of probiotics is thought to play an important role in bile acid homeostasis because it hydrolyzes the bound bile salts to form amino acids and less soluble free #Bile Acids, which bind to #Cholesterol to reduce serum #Cholesterol levels
• [1.9] 
  - certain #Bifidobacterium, #Bacteroides, and #Lactobacillus species that have high activities of bile salt hydrolase, the enzyme responsible for the deconjugation of #Bile Acids.
• [#Bile Acids, #Primary bile acids, #Secondary bile acids] 

References Notes