Disease ⇒ CVD {40000183}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - Choline > Elevated plasma levels of the gut microbe-dependent metabolite #TMAO > predict incident risk for CVD development independent of traditional risk factors.
• [1.2] [#γ-butyrobetaine] 
  - #Meat-based diet > L-carnitine > Gut microbial transformation >intermediate γ-butyrobetaine (γBB) > trimethylamine (TMA) > TMAO - Plasma γBB levels in individuals > strongly associated with incident CVD event risks. - #Emergencia timonensis > metabolize γBB into TMA > complete the carnitine → γBB → TMA transformation > elevate TMAO levels > enhance thrombosis
• [1.3] [#Fish consumption] 
  - Fish > rich in preformed #TMAO > greatest impact on circulating #TMAO concentrations; however, fish intake is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease
• [1.4] [#Diabetes Type 2, #Dyslipidemia, #Postprandial lipidemia] [#Berberine] [#Probiotic] 
  - Prob+BBR superior to BBR or Prob alone in improving postprandial total cholesterol (pTC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (pLDLc) levels with decrement of multiple species of postprandial lipidomic metabolites after 3 months follow-up. - This effect was linked to the changes of fecal #Bifidobacterium breve level responding to BBR alone or Prob+BBR treatment. - Four fadD genes encoding long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase > identified in the genome of this B. breve strain, and transcriptionally activated by BBR. - The activation of fadD by BBR could enhance FFA import and mobilization in B. breve and diliminish the intraluminal lipids for absorption to mediate the effect of Prob+BBR on PL.
• [1.5] [#Reduction of salt intake] 
• [1.6] [#Hearth attack, #Heart failure] 
• [1.7] 
  - #Indoxyl sulfate could promote vascular inflammation.
• [1.8] [#TMA, #Short Chain Fatty Acid, #TMAO, #Bile Acids, #Secondary bile acids, #Primary bile acids] 
• [1.9] [#Atherosclerosis] 
  - gut microbiota-dependent metabolism of dietary #Phenylalanine into #Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is critical in #Phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln) production, a metabolite linked to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). - PPFOR is the main contributor for PAA production in #Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. - PPDC plays an important role in PAA generation in #Proteus mirabilis. - PPFOR and PPDC contribute to PAA production and PAGln formation in colonized hosts. - Gut microbial ppdc and ppfor homolog abundances are each associated with ASCVD in humans.
• [#Eating appel] - #Quercetin, a flavonol from apple intake, also found in oregano, has been noted to extend preventative effects of cardiovascular disease in individuals at risk of the disease
• [1.11] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] [#Probiotic (Bifidobacter and Lactobacilus), #Probiotic] 
  - Short-chain fatty acids and secondary #Bile Acids can decrease #Cholesterol levels by regulating #Cholesterol metabolism. - Microbial #Bile Salt hydrolases can increase #Cholesterol disposal rates by accelerating its conversion to #Bile Acids. - Probiotics from the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are efficient reducers of #Cholesterol levels in clinical studies. - Several candidate next-generation probiotics, including #Akkermansia muciniphila, #Bacteroides spp., #Clostridium spp., #Christensenella minuta, Eubacterium spp., and #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, have been shown to decrease #Cholesterol levels in human or animal studies.
• [1.12] [#TMAO] [#Tomato] 
• [1.13] 
  - Patients with CAD had lower concentrations of #Propionate compared to patients without CAD. - increase of #Propionate concentration was associated with reduced risk for CAD. - #Propionate serum concentrations elicit an immunomodulation with increases of regulatory T cells.
• [1.14] [#Atherosclerosis] [#Porphyromonas gingivalis, #Prevotella intermedia, #Prevotella nigrescens, #Campylobacter rectus, #Porphyromonas endodontalis] 
  - 23 oral commensal bacteria, either individually or in coexistence, within carotid endarterectomy biopsies from patients undergoing surgical procedures. Of these 23 bacteria, five were unique to coronary plaques, including P. gingivalis, P. endodontalis, P. intermedia, C. rectus, and P. nigrescens.
• [1.15] [#Atherosclerosis] [#TMA, #TMAO, #Lipopolysaccharide] 
• [1.16] [#Hearth attack] [#Ceramides] 

References Notes