Carnitine {60000078} Record Keys Parent:[ ] Definition:Carnitine Queue:[ ] Details Initialisation date:2020-09-29 Specification: [ ]Source: [ ] Meta Information Structural Type:[ ] Functional Type:[ ] Function:[ ] Notes: - Carnitine is the Precursore of TMAShared Reference Notes [1.1] [#Alzheimer’s disease] [1.2] [#Atherosclerosis, #Hearth attack] [#Crotonobetaine, #TMAO, #γ-butyrobetaine] [#Meat-based diet] [1.3] [#Egg Consumption, #Meat-based diet] - dietary #Choline or L-carnitine, which are found in foods such as meat and eggs, are metabolized by the gut microbiota into #TMA in the intestine. - #TMA enters the blood circulation and is transformed into #TMAO in the liver. [1.4] [#Meat-based diet] - The animal meat-derived metabolites carnitine, #Choline, or #Phosphocholine (PC) are degraded by gut bacteria to trimethylamine (#TMA), which is further metabolized in the liver to trimethylamine N-oxide (#TMAO) - The microbiota metabolizes phosphatidylcholine, #Choline, and carnitine to produce trimethylamine (#TMA), which is further metabolized in the liver to trimethylamine-N-oxide (#TMAO). [1.5] [#Chronic fatigue syndrome] - altered plasma levels of #Choline, carnitine and complex lipid metabolites. [1.6] [#Blood Brain Barrier Integrity] - Trimethylamine, a metabolite of dietary #Choline, #Betaine, and l-carnitine, has been reported to exert detrimental impact on the BBB integrity. [1.7] - #Choline, carnitine and #Betaine present in fish, egg, and red meats are metabolized to #TMAO by gut bacteria. - Responsible Bacteria are #Anaerococcus hydrogenalis, #Clostridium asparagiforme, #Clostridium hathewayi, #Clostridium sporogenes, #Escherichia fergusonii, #Proteus penneri, #Providencia rettgeri etc. [1.8] - #Covid-19 patients > higher levels of carnitine and some short, medium, and long #Acylcarnitines. [1.9] - Carnitine is required for mitochondrial transport of long-chain fatty acids [#Clostridium clusters XIVa] - Components with the[N(CH3)3] structure, such as #Choline, #Phosphatidylcholine, and L-carnitine, can be used by #Clostridium (primarily #Clostridium XIVa and #Eubacterium) and Proteobacterium produced trimethylamine (#TMA) lyases to form #TMA. - #TMA is a foul-smelling gas that smells like rotten fish [#Obesity] - #Butyrate has been shown to induce the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) in liver and adipose tissue, - #Butyrate also increases the expression of cytochrome c oxidase (COX-1), UCP2, and UCP3 in skeletal muscle. - #Butyrate has been found to significantly increase the levels of gut hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and polypeptide YY (PYY) in the colon and plasma, mediated by recombinant free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFAR3). [1.11] [#Butyryl carnitine] - Butyryl carnitine is a conjugate of #Butyric acid and carnitine.References Notes[ ]
