Phenolic acids {90000434}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Alzheimer’s disease] [#Grape seed] 
  - the production of bioactive phenolic acids derived from the anthocyanin-rich GSPE is dependent on the microbiota, and two of the microbiota-derived metabolites 3-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3-(3′-hydroxyphenyl) #Propionic acid accumulate in micromolar concentrations in the brain where they can interfere with the assembly of #Amyloid-beta peptides.
• [#Catechins, #Polyphenols] - #Grape seed polyphenol extract (GSPE) is a rich source of flavan-3-ols including catechin, epicatechin, and #Anthocyanins which were shown to produce a variety of bioavailable phenolic acids both in the plasma and brain.
• [#Depression] - #Anthocyanins can also be broken down into protocatechuic acid, further into the bioactive phenolic acid #Cyanidin-3-glucoside and finally into #3-hydroxycinnamic acid, which has potent anti-depressive effects possibly through mechanisms implicating inflammation.
• [#Lactobacillus plantarum, #Streptococcus thermophilus] [#Cypto-chlorogenic acid] - mulberry #Anthocyanins were specifically transformed by S. thermophilus (46.2%) and L. plantarum (43.6%) into #Chlorogenic acid, cypto-#Chlorogenic acid, #Caffeic acid and #Ferulic acid: all phenolic acids with potent anti-inflammatory benefits.
• [#Lactobacillus plantarum] [#Catechins, #Polymeric procyanidins] - L. plantarum IFPL935 was found to be important in the first step of catechin and procyanidin catabolism involving ring fission, however did not impact the production of phenolic metabolites unless in the context of a complete microbiota indicating that there is another microbe using the metabolic intermediate of L. plantarum to produce the bioactive metabolites.
• - Phenolic acids produced by the gut microbiota also modulate microglial activation.
• - There are three major catabolic mechanisms elicited by the gut microbiota to produce bioactive phenolic acids frpm #Polyphenols: hydrolysis (O-deglycosylations and ester hydrolysis), cleavage (C-ring cleavage, delactonization, demethylation) and reduction (dehydroxylation and double bond reduction)
• [1.2] [#Alzheimer’s disease] [#Amyloid-beta] [#Olive] 
  - oral administration of EVOO and specific EVOO phenolic compounds, in particular, can reduce the accumulation of β-#Amyloid (Aβ) deposits and tau neuropathologies in mouse models of AD, resulting in improved memory and cognition.
• - #Olive oil phenolic compounds demonstrate #Cholesterol binding activity and can impair #Cholesterol absorption in the intestine, as well as reduce oxidation of LDL via their antioxidant effects
• [#Phenol] - There are > 100 different phenolic compounds in #Olive-derived products; the main phenolics are found in EVOO, including the simple phenols, #Hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, and the secoiridoids, oleuropein, oleocanthal, and ligstroside, all of which possess potent antioxidant activity and prolong the shelf life of EVOO.
• - Approximately 90%–95% of ingested phenolic compounds escape digestion in the small intestine and reach the colon, where they are catabolized into bioactive secondary structures
• [#Olive] - phenolic compounds in the EVOO, including tyrosol, vanillin, vanillic, and cinnamic acids, also exhibited slight antimicrobial activity.
• [1.3] [#Grape] 
  - #malvidin-3-O-glucoside (MG), a natural anthocyanin present in high proportions in grapes, has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, - MG is an anti-pyroptotic phenolic metabolite that targets NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasomes, subsequently reducing caspase-1 and IL-1β protein levels in murine primary cortical microglia and the brain, as its beneficial effect to counteract #Anxiety and #Depression is also demonstrated.
• [1.4] [#Avenanthramides] [#Oat] 
  - There are more than 25 forms of AVAs described in oats, which have an antioxidant activity 30 times greater than other phenolic compounds. - AVAs have also been investigated for their anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic and antiatherogenic actions
• [#Oat] - Phenolic compounds found in oats include #Caffeic acid, #Coumaric acid, #Phytic acid, #Gallic acid, and #Vanillic acid
• [#High fibre diet, #Oat] - The nutritional composition of oats includes carbohydrates, soluble fiber, proteins, lipids (such as unsaturated fatty acids), vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds.
• [#Oat] - Avenanthramides (AVAs) are the most abundant phenolic alkaloids unique to oats
• [1.5] 
  - #p-Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs), including ferulic, caffeic, sinapic, and p-coumaric acids > are linked with various plant cell wall constituents, sterols, #Polyamines, glycoproteins, and lignins, are significant dietary phenolic compounds. - GM play a crucial role in releasing HCAs from these components, allowing for their absorption in free forms in the gut. - HCAs are absorbed and undergo specific metabolic reactions within the small intestine or liver. - HCAs contribute to the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity and overall gut health through four main mechanisms:
• [1.6] [#Escherichia coli, #Staphylococcus aureus] [#Lipopolysaccharide] 
  - phenolic fractions of #Kale increased DPPH scavengers and decreased pathogenic bacteria, S. aureus and E. coli. - #Kale digesta rich in phenolic acids inhibited LPS and TNFɑ-induced intestinal epithelial cell inflammation and upregulated catalase, GSH, and #Superoxide dismutase antioxidant levels against cellular #Oxidative stress

References Notes