Vitamin D {90000169}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] 
  - Vitamin D receptor (VDR) regulates the biological actions of the active VitD (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), and is involved in the genetic, environmental, immune, and microbial aspects of IBD.
• [1.2] 
  - Vitamin D can positively affects gut microbiota composition by increasing beneficial bacteria such as #Lacnobacterium, which has been associated with modulating the immune response and asthma and allergic disease incidence.
• [1.3] 
  - vitamin D, mainly through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), also has an important role in the modulation of immune response. - l,25(OH)2D3 acts primarily through vitamin D receptors (VDR). - VDR is a nuclear hormone receptor and transcription factor expressed in a variety of tissues, including the intestines, adipose tissue, and liver, as well as most immune cells, and modulates metabolic and immune system processes. - VDR has a key role in the modulation of the immune response since it is expressed in immune cells, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, neutrophils, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). - Macrophages and dendritic cells, are capable of synthesizing biologically active vitamin D from circulating 25OHD, which enables the rapid increase of local levels of vitamin D, potentially needed to shape adaptive immune responses. - VDR is also highly present in the small intestine and colon, where it plays critical roles in proliferation, differentiation, permeability, host–microbial interactions, immunity, and susceptibility to pathogenic infection. Notably, it is crucial for maintaining a healthy microbiome
• [1.4] 
  - Vitamin D supplementation could regulate the steady state of intestinal flora in #Colorectal cancer (CRC) mice and regulate the integrity of the #Akkermansia muciniphila-mediated intestinal barrier, thereby playing a role in the reversal of CRC.
• [1.5] 
  - Patients with very low vitamin D levels (< 30 nmol/L) had the highest risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection and also for severe #Covid-19 when infected
• [1.6] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - In patients with pre-diabetes and hypovitaminosis D : high dose vitamin D > improves insulin sensitivity and decreases risk of progression toward diabetes.
• [1.7] [#Covid-19] 
  - Calcitriol > increasing anti-inflammatory IL-10 production in B cells and reduces T cell activation by B cells and decreasing pro-inflammatory markers such as TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) > anti-inflammatory effect. - vitamin D > induces the expression of antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin 1 and defensin β4 in lung epithelia. - The biologically active hydroxyderivatives of vitamin D > inhibit the action of the TMPRSS2 (the serine protease found on the host cell that primes the spike protein, which then binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors).
• [1.8] 
• [1.9] [#Atopic Dermatitis] 
  - vitamin D-associated 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid and glutamine were positively correlated with atopic disease-associated succinic acid and alanine, respectively. - hippuric acid was negatively correlated with atopic disease-associated formic acid, which was positively correlated with vitamin D level. - Absolute eosinophil count (AEC) was positively correlated with serum D. pteronyssinus- and D. farinae -specific IgE level
• [#Alzheimer’s disease] - dementia-free older adults taking vitamin D3 supplements for over 146 days/year were 1.8 times more likely to develop dementia than those not taking the supplements. - supplementation of vitamin D led to increased Aβ deposition and exacerbated AD.
• [1.11] [#Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain, #Fibromyalgia, #Vitamin D deficiency, #Vitamin D deficiency-mediated chronic pain] 
  - 25OHD supplementation results in pain reduction. Our results suggest a possible role of vitamin D supplementation in alleviating the pain associated with FMS and CMP, especially in vitamin D-deficient individuals.
• [1.12] 
  - serum 25(OH)D had an L-shaped association with #Serum CRP, where CRP levels decreased sharply with increasing 25(OH)D concentration for participants within the deficiency range. - vitamin D can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-12 (IL-12) promoting, at the same time, the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10.
• [1.13] [#Parkinson’s Disease, #Vitamin D deficiency] 
  - lack of vitamin D also leads to central loss of dopaminergic neurons, as well as delayed gastric emptying in PD
• [1.14] [#Vitamin D Supplementation] 
  - Vitamin D exposure was associated with 40% lower #Dementia incidence versus no exposure. - Vitamin D effects were significantly greater in females versus males and in normal cognition versus mild cognitive impairment.
• [1.15] [#Irritable bowel syndrome] [#Vitamin B6] 
  - deficiency in levels of both vitamins D and B6 have emerged as causative factors in IBS symptoms pathogenesis.
• [1.16] [#Colorectal cancer, #Vitamin D deficiency] 
  - Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased CRC risk.
• [#Colorectal cancer] [#Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii] - F. prausnitzii, converts C. maltaromaticum-derived 7-DHC into downstream vitamin D metabolites for mediating the anti-CRC effect.
• [#Limosilactobacillus (Lactobacillus) reuteri] - probiotics (e.g., Lactobacillus reuteri) might increase the systemic vitamin D level.
• - CYP105A1 from #Streptomyces griseolus was also able to directly convert 25-OHVD3 into 1,25(OH)2VD3.
• [1.17] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - Vitamin D has shown significant effect on regulates insulin resistance, and there is a significant inverse association between serum Vitamin D level and IR.
• [1.18] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - Higher brain 25(OH)D3 concentrations were associated with a 25% to 33% lower odds of dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at the last visit before death
• [1.19] [#Diabetes Type 1] 
  - vitamin D intake—especially during early childhood—can reduce the risk of developing T1D later in life.
• - #Diabetes Type 1 > preservation of residual beta-cell function come from the use of cholecalciferol and alfacalcidol
• - the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D may be observed only upon the achievement of serum 25(OH)D levels above those required for bone health (≥30 ng/mL).
• [#Diabetes Type 2] - Vitamin D supplementation may improve DM type 2 by decreasing glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and increasing #Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and #Irisin in vitamin D-deficient patients with DM type 2
• [1.21] [#Celiac Disease, #Vitamin D deficiency] 
  - vitamin D deficiency was observed in both Celiac NRCD clusters, suggesting its relevance in the context of NRCD.
• [1.22] 
  - exposure of endothelial cells to #Hydrogen peroxide promotes a loss of #Occludin and cadherin. - barrier integrity was then restored upon incubation with vitamin D, which coincided with increased expression of VE-cadherin
• [1.23] [#Limosilactobacillus (Lactobacillus) reuteri] 
  - Lactobacillus reuteri was found to increase the serum vitamin D level. - Vitamin D plays a role in suppressing renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activity, improving function of vascular wall and alleviating vascular #Oxidative stress to regulate #Hypertension
• - #Ruminococcus has been found to be related to vitamin D biosynthesis
• [1.24] [#Allergy, #Atopic Dermatitis, #Atopy] 
  - In #Children with AD, there was a significantly lower vitamin D level at age 2 and 4, but a significantly higher prevalence of food and mite sensitization at all ages in comparison with HC. - Vitamin D level was found to be inversely related to the prevalence of allergen sensitization at age 4
• [1.25] [#Immune checkpoint inhibitor] 
  - resistance is attributable to the activity of vitamin D on intestinal epithelial cells, which alters microbiome composition in favor of #Bacteroides fragilis, which positively regulates #Cancer immunity.
• [#Cancer] [#Immune checkpoint inhibitor] - mice with increased availability of vitamin D display greater immune-dependent resistance to transplantable cancers and augmented responses to checkpoint blockade immunotherapies.
• - in humans, vitamin D–induced genes correlate with improved responses to #Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment as well as with immunity to #Cancer and increased overall survival.
• [1.26] [#Irritable bowel syndrome] 
  - #Berberine enhances intestinal mucosal barrier function of IBS-D rats by promoting VDR activity, and the main site of action is the N-terminal region of VDR.

References Notes