Disease ⇒ Bipolar disorder {40000198}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - Family Ruminococcaceae, genus Faecalibacterium, and species Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Members of this clade, known for butyrate production, are reduced in BD.
• [1.2] 
  - In bipolar disorder, gut microbiota alpha-diversity decreased with increasing illness duration. - In bipolar disorder, Actinobacteria and Coriobacteria were overrepresented in patients compared to healthy controls
• [1.3] 
  - #Ruminococcaceae at genus and family levels have been found to be depleted in cases of both uni- and bipolar #Depression
• [1.4] 
  - ROS are produced in the brain mostly by microglia , and these products appear to be raised in patients with BD, which leads to oxidative and nitrosative damage.
• [#Inflamatory bowel disease, #Irritable bowel syndrome] - IBS , #Celiac Disease and IBD have been associated with an increment in the risk of developing BD.
• - patients with BD may have an altered histaminergic system, with upregulated #Histamine levels in manic phases and downregulated in #Depression
• - The increment of serum #Zonulin levels may be related to higher susceptibility for #Depression induced by stimuli. - #Zonulin and claudin-5 have seen increased in patients with BD.
• [#Major depressive disorder, #Schizophrenia] - MDD was often characterized by higher #Alistipes and #Parabacteroides and lower #Prevotella; BD by higher #Bifidobacterium and #Oscillibacter; and SZ by higher #Prevotella and lower #Bacteroides, #Haemophilus, and #Streptococcus
• [#Major depressive disorder, #Schizophrenia] - Gut microbiota in BD, MDD and SZ > increase in #Eggerthella and #Lactobacillus, together with a decrease in #Coprococcus was common for the three conditions in comparison to controls.
• [#Major depressive disorder, #Schizophrenia] - MDD and SZ shared higher levels of #Escherichia/#Shigella and #Veillonella whereas increased #Megasphaera and lower #Roseburia are common for BD and SZ.
• [#Major depressive disorder, #Schizophrenia] [#Quinolinic acid, #kynurenine] - shift in the #Tryptophan metabolism from #Serotonin to the kyn pathway is associated with BD, MDD and SZ, but only in mood disorders (BD and MDD) there was a preferential metabolism of Kyn to the potentially neurotoxic QA.
• [#Major depressive disorder] [#Bifidobacterium infantis] - the abundance of #Fusobacteriaceae, #Escherichia blattae DSM 4481 and #Klebsiella oxytoca were significantly augmented, whereas the #Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 = JCM 1222 was significantly reduced in BD group compared with MDD group
• [#Major depressive disorder] - MDD and BD had more commonalities, including higher #Enterococcus, #Flavonifractor, and #Streptococcus, and lower #Faecalibacterium and #Ruminococcus.
• [#Major depressive disorder] - #Prevotella 2 and #Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 are more prevalent in patients with MDD than BD patients.
• [#Schizophrenia] - BD and SZ are characterized by higher serum antibody levels to fungal pathogens #Saccharomyces cerevisiae and #Candida albicans > could be related to cognitive performance or the onset of psychotic symptoms
• [#3-hydroxykynurenine, #Quinolinic acid, #kynurenic acid, #kynurenine] - individuals with BD present lower peripheral blood levels of #Tryptophan, Kyn, KYNA, xanthurenic acid (a component derived from 3-HK), KYNA/Kyn and KYNA/QA ratio
• - in BD > Especially, #GABA, #Glutamate, #Serotonin, #Dopamine, norepinephrine and #Acetylcholine appears to be importantly dysregulated in these patients
• - BD patients with a depressive episode > increased levels of #Coriobacteria and #Actinobacteria together with decreased #Ruminococcaceae and #Faecalibacterium.
• - Levels of #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, #Bacteroides–#Prevotella group, #Atopobium Cluster, #Enterobacter spp. and #Clostridium cluster IV were higher in BD patients than healthy subjects along with a reduced #Bifidobacteria to #Enterobacteriaceae ratio, having these changes a possible impact on brain function in these patients.
• - Patients with BD show reductions in #Butyrate-producing bacteria which, being a central feature of MGB axis disruption.
• - #Butyrate has been demonstrated to revert manic-like behavior in rats and regulates the antioxidant enzyme activities, protecting the brain against oxidative damage
• - Depressive stages in BD patients manifested in form of melancholia are associated with higher IgA responses to #Citrobacter koseri than in healthy or non-melancholic depressed individuals.
• - Evidence has even found that levels of #Claudin-5 are associated with an earlier onset of BD, while reduced levels of this protein is associated with an extended duration of BD
• - patients with type II BD exhibit a greater abundance of #Collinsella in comparison to those with type I.
• - #Flavonifractor, a genus linked to #Oxidative stress inducement, was associated with an odds ratio of 2.9 for having BD
• - BD patients have increased levels of IgG antibodies to #Gliadin, especially during mania, compared to controls. - The persistence of elevated antibodies to #Gliadin in patients with mania showed an association with rehospitalization rates in a 6-month follow-up.
• [#kynurenine] - Kyn pathway seems to be abnormally activated in BD patients.
• - higher levels of #Lactate from glycolysis in BD have been reported, which can relate to metabolic dysfunctions and a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation
• - individuals with type I BD showed higher IgM responses to #Morganella morganii than patients with MDD and type II BD.
• [#kynurenic acid] - there is an inverse relationship between #Oscillibacter (a genera increased in patients with BD) and the levels of #Tryptophan and KYNA.
• [#kynurenic acid] - individuals with manic episode showed the greatest reductions in #Tryptophan levels whereas KYNA levels were more notably reduced among individuals in the depressive phase
• [1.5] [#Anorexia nervosa] [#Enterobacteriaceae bacterium] 
  - #Cloacibacillus, an amino-acid-fermenting bacterium, and #IL-6 in BD patients.
• - Abundance of #Bacilli, #Lactobacillales and genus #Veillonella were higher in BD patients than in HCs, while genus #Dorea was more abundant in HCs. - bacterial genera’ abundance in BD patients was strongly correlated with the severity of #Depression and inflammatory markers.
• - negative association between #Faecalibacterium abundance and #Depression severity in depressive and BD patients
• - #Serum CRP concentration was positively correlated with #Prevotella abundance, but negatively correlated with #Butyricicoccus, #Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis and #Dorea abundance in BD patients.
• - serum #IL-6 levels were found to be positively correlated with #Enterobacter, #Pseudomonas and #Leuconostoc abundance, but negatively correlated with #Cloacibacillus abundance in BD patients.
• - low abundance of #Faecalibacterium, #Pseudomonas and #Fusobacterium in depressed BD patients may have implications for the neurobiology of BD
• - in BD patients. Acute stress could reduce #Prevotella abundance and result in an inflammatory response
• [1.6] [#Autism, #Schizophrenia] 
  - Increased levels of #Lactate, an end-product of glycolysis, have been proposed as a potential surrogate marker for metabolic changes during neuronal excitation. - These changes in #Lactate levels can result in decreased brain pH, which has been implicated in patients with various neuropsychiatric disorders.
• [1.7] [#Schizophrenia] [#Keto diet, #Mediterranean Ketogen Diet] 
• [1.8] [#Major depressive disorder, #Parkinson’s Disease] 
  - #Isoprene is involved in the mevalonate pathway of #Cholesterol synthesis. - decreased exhaled levels of #Isoprene have been detected in patients with #Lung cancer. - #Isoprene > a key role in cell membrane integrity, which has been linked to several neurologic and psychiatric disorders, such as #Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, as well as Parkinson disease and #Multiple Sclerosis. - A possible neuroprotective function of #Isoprene might explain its absence in the breath of patients with #Schizophrenia and MDD, indicating a disturbance in neuroprotection in psychiatric disorders.
• [#Major depressive disorder] - significant downregulation of TAAR5 in the prefrontal cortex of patients with MDD, but no expression imbalances of TAAR5 for those with bipolar disorder or #Schizophrenia.
• [1.9] 
  - #Betaproteobacteria, #Acidaminococcaceae, #Eubacterium xylanophilum group, #Butyricimonas, #Peptococcus, #Prevotella 7, #Roseburia, #Terrisporobacter, #Burkholderiales and #Desulfovibrionales increased the risk of BD
• - #Candidatus soleaferrea, #Ruminiclostridium 5 and #Victivallis decreased the risk of BD.

References Notes