Arginine {60000041}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - Microbial arginine and isoprene pathways were found at a higher relative abundance level in gut microbiome of #Crohn’s disease.
• [1.2] 
  - There was an infant-specific inverse association of #Collinsella aerofaciens and fecal arginine, possibly mediated by arginine deiminase. - Arginine is an essential amino acid for premature and low-birth weight #Infants and modulates immune system development, partially as a substrate for polyamine and nitric oxide biosynthesis.
• [1.3] [#Oral administration of Metformin] 
  - Metformin treatment is associated with reduced #Breast cancer incidence, recurrence and mortality. - metformin treatment was significantly associated with decreased levels of #Citrulline, arginine, #Tyrosine, caffeine, paraxanthine, and theophylline, and increased levels of leucine, isoleucine, proline, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate, 4-methyl-2-oxovalerate, alanine and indoxyl-sulphate. - Long-chain unsaturated phosphatidylcholines were significantly decreased with the metformin treatment, as were phospholipid-derived long-chain n-6 fatty acids. - The metabolomic profiles of metformin treatment suggest change in specific biochemical pathways known to impair cancer cell growth including activation of CYP1A2, alterations in fatty acid desaturase activity, and altered metabolism of specific amino acids, including impaired branched chain amino acid catabolism.
• [1.4] 
  - #Citrulline (CIT) (commonly found as l–#Citrulline), a non-essential amino acid with unique metabolic properties, has been implicated in several regulatory roles, including gut modulation, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, protein synthesis, nitrogen homeostasis, blood pressure regulation, renal function, cardiac function, skeletal muscle function, vascular health, lipid and energy metabolism, arginine production, and thermoregulation. - #Citrulline is largely concentrated in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Cucurbitaceae) fruits, but although present in vegetative tissues (such as stems, seedlings, and leaves) and root, #Citrulline is confirmed to progressively accumulate majorly in the fruit flesh and rind tissues of watermelons. - Within the small intestine, #Citrulline is synthesized from glutamine by the enterocytes, releasing #Citrulline into blood circulation for metabolism into arginine by the kidneys.
• [1.5] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - Gut microbiomes can convert Arginine (Arg) into #Agmatine. - It has many roles to inhibit diabetes, as it can increase HbA1C level, serum insulin level and can restore insulin sensitivity.
• [1.6] 
  - #Covid-19 > increased levels of triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholines, prostaglandin E2, arginine, and decreased levels of #Betaine and #Adenosine in patients with abnormal pulmonary function.
• [#Covid-19] - (1) supplementation of #Taurine (reducing musculoskeletal disorders); - (2) supplementation of #Citrulline (enhancing #Ammonia clearance and reducing blood #Lactate, as well as increasing arginine bioavailability for adequate NO production); - (3) supplementation of #Glutamine (primary source for #Neurotransmitters and immune function balancing); - (4) supplementation of antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine or NAD + (redox balance); - (5) supplementation of arginine (targeting endothelial dysfunction in Long-COVID)
• [#Covid-19] - increased levels of #Proline associated with collagen metabolism in long COVID patients. - The #Glutamate/P5C synthase pathway in the intestine is responsible for most of the #Proline synthesis in the body. - The increased levels of #Proline may arise from arginine or #Glutamine pathways, potentially in response to hypoxia or tissue damage.
• [1.7] 
  - #Bifidobacterium and #Lactobacillus spp. can convert arginine to #Glutamic acid, which is deaminated to aminobutyric acid (#GABA), a key inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS
• [1.8] [#Rheumatoid Arthritis] 
  - Both #Citrulline and arginine have anti-inflammatory properties and arginine is in phase 2 trial in treatment of RA
• [1.9] 
  - the vascular benefits of #Homoarginine are at least partially attributable to increased #Nitric Oxide production, a potent vasodilator. #Homoarginine is a substrate for endothelial #Nitric Oxide synthase (eNOS), which catalyzes the conversion of l-arginine to #Nitric Oxide. - #Homoarginine may inhibit arginine catabolism by arginase therefore increasing l-arginine availability for #Nitric Oxide production
• - Walnuts are a source of l-arginine and #Walnut-induced improvements in endothelial function and vascular reactivity have been partly attributed to l-arginine. - microbial metabolism of l-arginine, by bacteria such as Gordonibacter, might increase endogenous production of homoarginine to confer cardioprotective effects.
• - #Gordonibacter can metabolize l-arginine.
• - Following #Walnut Diet > greater K00613 gene expression by #Gordonibacter > encodes #Glycine amidinotransferase (GATM). - GATM is involved in arginine and #Glycine metabolism and catalyzes the transfer of the guanidino group from l-arginine to #Glycine or l-lysine producing guanidinoacetate or l-homoarginine, respectively. - GATM deficiency results in diminished intracellular energy stores and a lack of l-#Homoarginine and has been linked to impaired cardiac and cerebrovascular function.
• - arginine metabolism mainly produces urea and #Ornithine via the arginase pathway and #Nitric Oxide (NO) and #Citrulline via the #Nitric Oxide synthase (NOS) pathway
• [#Irritable bowel syndrome] - 1-monopalmitin and arginine may potentially be associated with an increased risk for IBS.
• [#Irritable bowel syndrome] - Higher blood levels of l-arginine and endogenous methylarginines have also been linked to adult IBS
• [1.11] [#Autism] 
  - significant depletions of semi-essential amino acid L-arginine and essential amino acid lysine were observed in #Infants with future ASD, aligning with amino acid disruptions in #Children already diagnosed

References Notes