Adult {51111162}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  -The gut microbiota has not yet reached adult complexity in 5-years-old children
• [1.2] 
  - Multiple #Candida spp. were at higher relative abundance in #Children than adults, while #Malassezia and certain food-associated fungi were lower in #Children.
• [1.3] [#Ruminococcus gnavus] [#Aging] 
  - specific bacteria can be used as markers for the development and maturation of the microbiota such as R. gnavus, which is inversely correlated to microbial richness at all ages and reduces from childhood toward adulthood.
• [1.4] [#Infants] 
  Infant > High abundances of #Lactate, #Pyruvate and #Formate reflect an immature microbiome since these metabolites are typically converted into other metabolites in the adult gut.
• [1.5] [#Human milk oligosaccharides] 
  - Among the HMOs, 6′SL specifically stimulated #Propionate (linked to #Bacteroides fragilis in #Children and #Phocaeicola massiliensis in adults)
• [#GABA, #Human milk oligosaccharides] - #Indole-3-lactic acid and #3-phenyllactic acid (linked to immune health) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (linked to gut-brain axis) were most profoundly stimulated by 2′FL and HMO blends in both #Children and adults, correlating with specific #Bifidobacteriaceae.
• [#Human milk oligosaccharides] - 2′FL/LNnT increased #Melatonin in #Children, while 3′SL remarkably increased #Folic acid in adults.
• [1.6] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - A 15 mg/dL increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) #Cholesterol was associated with decreased AD risk during earlyand middle adulthood. - A 15 mg/dL increase in #Glucose measured during middle adulthood was associated with 14.5% increased AD risk .
• [1.7] [#Antibiotic Therapy] 
  - antibiotic-induced gut microbiome instability in #Children and adults appears to grossly resolve within a month of exposure.
• [#Polysaccharide] - #Cessation of breastfeeding initiates the transition towards an adult-like gut microbiome composition, which is characterized by expansion of #Roseburia spp. and #Anaerostipes spp., restriction of #Lactobacillus spp. and a functional shift towards an increased capacity to degrade complex polysaccharides
• [1.8] [#Polysaccharide] 
  - non-#Starch polysaccharides (3.6 g per day) for twelve weeks enhanced recall and memory processes in the middle-aged adult
• [1.9] [#Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder] 
  - DL-#Phenylalanine supplementation have a significant improvement in mood and mood lability in adult hyperactivity
• [#Inflamatory bowel disease] - Among adult participants, the scientists found that those with #Atopic Dermatitis had a 34% increased risk of IBD, a 36% higher risk of #Crohn’s disease, and a 32% increased risk of #Ulcerative Colitis.
• [1.11] [#Natural oral microbiomes] [#Infants] 
  - similar to the adult oral microbiome, the infant oral microbiome is dominated by #Streptococcus
• [1.12] [#Condition of chronic stress, #Western-style diet] 
  - the relative abundance of the parabiont genus #Eisenbergiella has been reported to be decreased by a Western style diet and increased in a model of stress in rats as well as in adult male #Athletes
• [1.13] 
  - decrease in the #Ruminococcaceae after #Hyperoxia exposure in the cecal microbiota of these adult mice
• [1.14] 
  - Gut Microbiota #Bilirubin reductase > a single enzyme performs the reduction of #Bilirubin to urobilinogen > is a core feature of a healthy adult human microbiome - #Bilirubin reduction is a strain-specific feature.
• [1.15] [#Autism] [#Bacteroides fragilis] 
  - Treatment of adult offspring with B. fragilis attenuated the ASD-like behavioral phenotypes.
• [#Autism] - an increase of #Bacteroides in ASD, that also correlated with increases in interleukin-6. - The effects of this species could be solely exposure time dependent (infancy vs adulthood), as demonstrated here, or they could also be strain specific.
• [1.16] [#Bifidobacterium adolescentis, #Bifidobacterium catenulatum, #Bifidobacterium longum] [#Aging] 
  - The most abundant bifidobacterial species found in adults are B. adolescentis, B. catenulatum, and B. longum. - It has been observed that in later stages of life, with an increase in age, levels of #Bifidobacterium further decrease.
• [1.17] [#Serotonin] 
  - The gut microbiota is apparently responsible for the maturation of the adult ENS through the release of 5-HT and activation of 5-HT4 receptors, indicating its involvement in the normal peristaltic function of the gut
• [1.18] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Aging] 
  - #Resveratrol administration to older adult diabetics showed to improve mitochondrial biogenesis and function through SIRT1 upregulation, alleviating the oxidative damage and promoting insulin sensitivity

References Notes