Primary bile acids ⇒ Cholic acid {90000143}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Allergy] [#Inulin] 
  - diet of #Inulin fibre alters the composition of the mouse microbiota and the levels of microbiota-derived metabolites, notably #Bile Acids. - This metabolomic shift is associated with type 2 inflammation in the intestine and lungs, characterized by IL-33 production, activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells and eosinophilia. - dietary #Inulin fibre triggers microbiota-derived cholic acid and type 2 inflammation at barrier surfaces
• [1.2] 
  - The primary bile acid profile in #Infants predominantly consists of cholic acid (CA) and #Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), with a greater proportion of CA and its conjugates than CDCA and its conjugates
• [1.3] [#Clostridium difficile associated disease] [#Primary bile acids, #Tauro-cholic acid] 
  - #Bile Salt hydrolases (BSHs) comprise a diverse family of microbial enzymes that catalyse critical BA transformation. - Primary conjugated BAs synthesized in the liver, such as the tauro- and glycoconjugates of cholic acid (TCA, GCA), are deconjugated by BSHs to generate cholic acid (CA)
• [1.4] 
  - higher concentrations of #Deoxycholic acid (DCA), #Lithocholic acid (LCA), and cholic acid (CA) in feces in #Stroke patients are associated with higher survival after #Stroke.
• [1.5] [#Colorectal cancer] [#Bile Acids] [#High Fat Diet] 
  - 7 non-classic amino acid-conjugated BAs enriched in HFD-fed mice, > microbially modified cholic acid derivatives appear restricted to the gut, distinguishing them from host-conjugated BAs. - non-classic amino acid conjugation selectively modulates cholic acid signaling via FXR and TGR5, as well as its ability to promote Wnt signaling and intestinal stem cell proliferation, key steps in CRC initiation and progression.
• [#High Fat Diet] - non-classic amino acid conjugation of the bile acid cholic acid (AA-CA) increased with HFD. - AA-CAs impact intestinal stem cell growth and demonstrate that #Ileibacterium valens and #Ruminococcus gnavus are able to synthesize these AA-CAs.
• [1.6] [#Salmonella Heidelberg] 
  - cholic acid, in particular, inhibited translocation of S.Heidelberg by downregulating Salmonella virulence genes sipA and fliC (flagellar gene)
• [1.7] [#Anxiety] [#Condition of chronic stress] 
  - increased #Secondary bile acids and reduced cholic acid in the serum of ex-germ free mice exposed to fecal material from stressed mice
• [1.8] [#Metabolic associated fatty liver disease] [#Bile Acids] 
  - Patients with MAFLD show elevated levels of total fecal BAs, including cholic acid and #Chenodeoxycholic acid, along with an altered balance of primary and secondary BAs.
• [1.9] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] 
  - #Inulin fiber diet promotes Tph1-expressing inflammatory ILC2s (ILC2INFLAM) in the colon, which produce IL-5 but not tissue-protective amphiregulin (AREG), resulting in the accumulation of eosinophils. - This exacerbates inflammation in a murine model of intestinal damage and inflammation in an ILC2- and eosinophil-dependent manner. - the #Inulin fiber diet elevated microbiota-derived #Bile Acids, including cholic acid (CA) that induced expression of ILC2-activating IL-33. In IBD patients, #Bile Acids, their receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR), IL-33, and eosinophils were all upregulated.

References Notes