Antimicrobial peptides {90000176}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - Human hair follicle may manage its microbiome via the regulated production of antimicrobial peptides (such as cathelicidin, psoriasin, RNAse7 and dermcidin) by HF keratinocytes,
• [1.2] [#Atopic Dermatitis] 
  - Atopic skin exhibits lower levels of certain HDPs such as #Dermcidin, human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2), human beta-defensin-3 (hBD-3), and #Cathelicidin, as well as increased expression of #RNAse7 and S100A7
• [#Atopic Dermatitis] - Patients with AD exhibit decreased expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which is linked to increased colonization by #Staphylococcus aureus.
• [#Natural Skin Microbiome] [#Cathelicidin] - Host-derived AMPs, also known as host defence peptides (HDP)s are either constitutively produced by keratinocytes and immune cells or induced in response to stimuli such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or inflammatory cytokines. Some important classes of HDPs include RNases, defensins, cathelicidins, dermcidin, and S100 class peptides. - Some important classes of HDPs include RNases, defensins, cathelicidins, dermcidin, and S100 class peptides.
• - HDPs are well-known for their immunomodulatory and barrier-improving properties and play a critical role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as #Psoriasis and polymorphic light eruption underscoring the versatile role of HDPs in skin physiology
• [1.3] 
  - Paneth cells in the gut secrete several antimicrobial peptides into the lumen to regulate the microbiota, as well as #Pancreatic polypeptide YY (PYY). - The Paneth cell–derived PYY was full length, unlike the endocrine form, and although it had some antibacterial activity, it was most effective at inhibiting the ubiquitous gut fungus #Candida albicans from transforming from the commensal yeast form into the invasive hyphal form ( against virulent #Candida albicans hyphae—but not the yeast form).
• [1.4] 
  - AMPs produced by #Lactobacillus plantarum were capable of modulating cytokine production in PBMCs, with an increase in the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines #IL-10 and #IL-12 by over 10-fold.
• [#Staphylococcus aureus] - #Staphylococcus epidermidis produces #Epidermin or the #Hominicin produced by #Staphylococcus hominis, with both AMPs being extremely effective against S. aureus
• [1.5] [#Systemic lupus erythematosus, #antiphospholipid syndrome] [#Gingerols] 
  - 6-gingerol, the most abundant bioactive phytochemical in #Ginger root, inhibited neutrophil phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity, boosting intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels and thereby counteracting neutrophil hyperactivity in mouse models of APS and lupus
• [1.6] 
• [1.7] [#Infants] 
  - #Hyperoxia inhibited AMP transcription, both in vivo in neonatal mice and in vitro in intestinal organoids. - this altered the intestinal microbiota. Conversely, augmenting intestinal AMP levels by oral administration of lysozyme altered the intestinal microbiota.
• - Numerous species of #Bacteria within the microbiota contain #Superoxide dismutase genes which alterations might influence the redox balance of the intestinal epithelium in AMP expression.
• - #Lysozyme, the major AMP, can directly reduce the propagation of #Reactive Oxygen Species in #Colitis by releasing bacterial #Superoxide dismutase from #Lactobacillus lactis
• [1.8] [#Atopic Dermatitis] 
  - AD #Infants skin microbiota composition in early life preceding AD onset was predominantly driven by the enrichment of #Pseudomonas stutzeri and reduction of #Staphylococcus and #Corynebacterium species. - This bacterial signature was linked with lower natural moisturizing factors [NMF] (PCA, Urocanic acid-cis) and higher Antimicrobial peptides [AMPs] (alpha and beta defensin) levels.

References Notes