lactulose {90000123} Record Keys Parent:[ ] Definition:lactulose Queue:[ ] Details Initialisation date:2021-01-24 Specification: [ ]Source: [ ] Meta Information Structural Type:[ ] Functional Type:[ ] Function:[ ] Notes: [ ]Shared Reference Notes [1.1] - Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide composed of galactose and fructose (β(1,4)-galactosido-fructose). - Lactulose is not metabolised or absorbed in the human small intestine. - Once in the caecum, lactulose is fermented by the colonic microflora resulting in changes in bacterial composition and metabolic activities of the colonic flora. - After ingestion of a large dose of lactulose ranged 20–60 g/day, the following has been shown: (a) an increase of bifidobacterial counts (b) an inhibition of bacterial degradation of primary to secondary bile acids (c) an inhibition of colon cancer in rats when administered alone or in conjunction with bifidobacteria [1.2] [#Beta apolipoprotein] - lactulose increased blood #Cholesterol and B-apolipoprotein - Lactulose exerts its beneficial effects on #Hepatic encephalopathy through different pathways. - First, the product of lactulose fermentation is #Lactic acid, which is able to reduce the colonic lumen pH by releasing H+. - The #Ammonia in the gut reacts with proton and produces ammonium. This conversion develops a concentration gradient that increases the amount of #Ammonia reuptake from the blood into the gastrointestinal tract. - Second, in the presence of lactulose in the gastrointestinal tract, the bacteria utilize the energy of lactulose fermentation instead of the conversion of amino acids to #Ammonia energy. - Third, lactulose can inhibit glutaminase and prevent the production of #Ammonia from #Glutamine. - Finally, lactulose shortens the colonic transit time. Thus, it can reduce the level of #Ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract. [1.3] - #Glucose, #Mannose and glucosamine were preferentially consumed by #Bacteroidales compared with the other orders, whereas lactulose was mainly produced by #Eubacteriales [1.4] [#Antibiotic Therapy] - #Bifidobacteria metabolize lactulose, produce high concentrations of #Acetate and acidify the gut lumen in humans and mice, which, in combination, can reduce the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as #Vancomycin-resistant #Enterococcus faecium in vitro. - patients treated with the orally administered but non-absorbable disaccharide lactulose have increased densities of intestinal #Bifidobacteria and reduced incidence of systemic infections and mortality. [1.5] - supplementation of #Lysozyme and #Lactoferrin to #Children aged 12–23 months in rural Malawi resulted in improved gut health as determined by their ingested lactulose excreted into the urine, along with decreased rates of hospitalizationReferences Notes[ ]
