Helicobacter ⇒ Helicobacter pylori {10000112}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - H. pylori eradication therapy is safe for adolescents with respect to gut microbiota changes associated with H. pylori eradication therapy
• [1.2] [#Parkinson’s Disease] 
• [1.3] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - Patients with the H. Pylori infection have been found to perform more poorly on the Mini–Mental State Examination, verbal memory tasks, and serial digit learning tasks; the infection causes inflammation and even tau hyperphosphorylation.
• [#Parkinson’s Disease] - greater prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with PD and poorer clinical status in patients with the infection; H. pylori eradication was found to be associated with clinical improvement.
• [1.4] 
  - The progression of #Chronic gastritis toward #Gastric carcinoma has been characterized by the reduction in the Helicobacter genus, overgrowth of opportunistic bacteria, increased apoptosis, necrosis, and collagen production, changes in the cytoskeleton and polarity of the gastric epithelium, and gradual suppression of gastric acidity.
• [#Gastric carcinoma, #Peptic ulcer] - H. pylori has a substantial association with chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma.
• - Streptococcus, Neisseriae, Prevotella, Rothia, Fusobacterium, Veillonella, and Haemophilus are considered the main gastric bacterial genera enriched in #H. pylori-positive individuals. - the overgrowth of #Candida species in the stomach has been reported during H. pylori infection, which might result in synergistic effects on the H. pylori pathogenesis.
• - H. pylori association with obesity, diabetes, IBD, allergic disorders, as well as cardiovascular, hepatobiliary, skin, kidney, autoimmune, neurologic, and psychiatric diseases.
• [1.5] [#Peptic ulcer] [#Antibiotic Therapy] 
  - The population of #Actinobacteria is decreased by the use of Helicobacter pylori treatment.
• [1.6] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - Local periodontal inflammation due to infection with Helicobacter pylori, the agent of gastric ulcers, or with #Porphyromonas gingivalis, in fact, can stimulate brain tissue inflammation
• [1.7] [#Sphingomyelin] 
  - sphingomyelins act as binding sites for toxins of the enteropathogen Helicobacter pylori.
• [1.8] [#Escherichia coli, #Shigella flexneri] 
  - Notable genera in the #Proteobacteria are #Escherichia, #Salmonella, #Shigella, #Desulfovibrio, and #Helicobacter. Included in the phyla is the #Enterobacteriaceae family, which contains several enteropathogenic bacteria, including #Shigella flexneri, #Salmonella typhi, and #Escherichia coli. Other enteric pathogens in this phylum are #Vibrio cholerae and #Helicobacter pylori.
• [1.9] [#Crohn’s disease, #Inflamatory bowel disease] [#Escherichia coli, #Hungatella hathewayi] 
  - H. hathewayi transcript as belonging to the TIGR02037 family, which includes both K04771 and K04772 . - Proteases from these families are found in pathogens, such as Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Helicobacter pylori, where they have been described as virulence factors, shown to degrade E-cadherin,Citation46 and hypothesized to cleave PAR2.
• [#Gastric carcinoma, #Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma] - H. pylori is arguably the most well-known bacterial carcinogen, contributing to gastric cancers and mucosa-associated tissue lymphomas (MALT). - It attaches directly to gastric epithelial cells via HopQ binding to host CEACAM, allowing the bacteria to inject CagA and activating Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, a known neoplastic process
• [1.11] 
  - #Bacteroides fragilis and #Prevotella copri (#Bacteroidetes), #Bifidobacterium longum and #Collinsella aerofaciens (#Actinobacteria), and Helicobacter pylori (#Proteobacteria) can produce #Vitamin B6 as they have these biosynthetic mechanisms
• [1.12] [#Gastric carcinoma] 
  - Helicobacter pylori attaches to the gastric epithelial cells by binding to the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) through the outer membrane adhesin HopQ. - Then, through the type IV secretion system of CagA, peptidoglycan metabolites, and DNA, the effector protein CagA is directly delivered into the epithelial cells to exert carcinogenic effects.
• [1.13] [#Parkinson’s Disease] 
  - Helicobacter pylori, was found to be associated with increased severity of motor dysfunction, decreased #Dopamine levels in the brain, and decreased levodopa absorption as well as autoimmune and inflammatory reactions
• [1.14] [#Gastric carcinoma] 
  - Helicobacter pylori-positive gastric cancer patients had considerably greater levels of miR99b-3p, miR-564, and miR-638 compared to Helicobacter pylori-negative patients
• [1.15] [#Hepatocellular cancer] 
  - In hepatocellular carcinoma, the presence of H. pylori was detected only in cancer samples
• - H. pylori, which was shown to be capable of invading host cells, enhances the risk of #Pancreatic Cancer
• [1.16] 
  - H. pylori has also been linked to an increased risk of #Biliary tract cancer
• - reduced levels of #Nesterenkonia but increased levels of #Methylophilaceae, #Fusobacterium, #Prevotella, #Actinomyces, #Novosphingobium, and H. pylori in #Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma cases.
• - potential role of H. pylori in the development of #Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
• - The presence of Helicobacter pylori infection contributes to the formation of cholecystic polyps and gallstones and affects the pathophysiology of gallstone formation along with its associated complications such as cholecystitis, cholangitis, #Pancreatitis, and biliary cancer
• [1.17] [#Alzheimer’s disease, #Helicobacter pylori infection] 
  - 11% increase in the risk of AD associated with exposure to CAHPI (clinically apparent Helicobacter pylori infection) among subjects aged at least 50 years. - The increase in the risk of AD reached a peak of 24% roughly a decade after the onset of CAHPI > statistical significance roughly 8 years following CAHPI onset, peaked 2 years later, and decreased afterwards.
• [#Helicobacter pylori infection] - HP can access the brain via the oral-nasal-olfactory axis or by infected circulating monocytes through a disrupted blood-brain-barrier > potentially leading to neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and neurodegeneration.
• [1.18] [#Gastric carcinoma, #Peptic ulcer] [#Bifidobacterium adolescentis, #Bifidobacterium bifidum, #Bifidobacterium breve, #Bifidobacterium longum, #Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, #Chloracidobacterium thermophilum B, #Limosilactobacillus (Lactobacillus) reuteri] 
  - H. pylori infection alone is not sufficient to develop severe gastric abnormalities such as gastric cancer and gastric ulcers. - A lower abundance of gut resident #Bifidobacterium genus with specific strains ( B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, B. breve, B. longum, B. moukalabense, B. pseudocatenulatum, and B. reuteri.) plays a significant role in developing severe gastric malignancy.
• [1.19] [#Monolaurin ] 
  - #Lauric acid is the main antibacterial and antiviral substance found in breastmilk and in the gut is enzymatically broken down to form monolaurin, a monoester with profound anti-microbial and anti-fungal properties against lipid-coated bacteria, including inactivation of H. pylori and #Listeria monocytogenes

References Notes