Disease ⇒ Stroke {40000474}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - Reduced SCFAs levels, especially #Acetate, were associated with an increased risk of 90-day poor functional stroke outcomes even after adjustments.
• [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - A lack of SCFAs-producing bacteria and a low fecal SCFAs level defined dysbiosis in AIS patients, especially those with increased stroke severity. The SCFAs levels were negatively correlated with stroke severity and prognosis.
• [1.2] 
  - Stroke increases the permeability of intestinal barriers , alters bacterial composition of the gut, causing gut dysbiosis and promotes seeding of gut bacteria within the lung, spleen, and liver . Such peripheral effects might exert additional effects on the damaged brain, thus hindering recovery.
• [1.3] 
  - Innate and adaptive immune system plays a pivotal role in the evolution of cerebral injury, by actively participating in brain damage development on the one hand, and in tissue repair on the other . - The most known metabolite classes derived from the gut microbiota with immunomodulatory effects are: 1) amino acids and their derivatives; 2) products of microbial fermentation: short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and polyphenols; 3) secondary bile acids; and 4) trimethylamines
• [1.4] 
  - Reduced SCFAs levels, especially #Acetate, were associated with an increased risk of 90-day poor functional outcomes even after adjustments.
• [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - A lack of SCFAs-producing bacteria and a low fecal SCFAs level defined dysbiosis in AIS patients, especially those with increased stroke severity. -The SCFAs levels were negatively correlated with stroke severity and prognosis.
• [1.5] 
  - bacteria with capacity of butyrate production, #Lachnospiraceae and #Ruminococcaceae, were depleted in individuals at a high risk of stroke. Fecal butyrate concentrations also were low in these people
• [1.6] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - SCFAs could promote recovery after stroke by acting on microglia to inhibit their activation
• [1.7] [#Clostridiaceae] 
  - family Clostridiaceae_1 was negatively correlated with stroke risk and ischemic stroke risk.
• [1.8] [#Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs)] 
  - Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) influence long-term prognoses of stroke patients. - #Streptococcus mutans, a major cariogenic bacterium that expresses the collagen-binding protein Cnm, induces cerebrovascular inflammation, impairing blood brain barrier integrity and causing cerebral bleeding.
• [1.9] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - hemorrhagic transformation (HT), a life-threatening stroke complication in MCAO rats, correlated with inflammatory response and serum levels of SCFA. - total SCFA, specifically #Butyrate and #Valeric acid, was significantly lower in HT rats than in non-HT rats.
• [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - ischemic stroke can be effectively treated by transplanting SCFA-rich feces and supplementing it with #Butyric acid. - SCFA can promote post-stroke recovery by altering the recruitment of brain-resident immune cells in the brain.
• - higher concentrations of #Deoxycholic acid (DCA), #Lithocholic acid (LCA), and #Cholic acid (CA) in feces in stroke patients are associated with higher survival after stroke.
• [#Deoxycholic acid] - DCA could improve acute cerebral infarction (ACI) induced nerve damage by inverting the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
• - elevation in inflammation-associated monocytes caused by elevated #TMAO levels can raise the risk of stroke and compromise the severity of stroke.
• [#Depression, #Transient Ischemic Attack] - #Ferulic acid is known to be metabolized by gut microbes. - It exerts neuroprotective effects by reducing neuronal cell death and recovers memory deficits in a cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury model. - It has also ameliorated depressionlike behavior and #Oxidative stress.
• [1.11] [#Progranulin] 
  - A mature PGRN is anti-inflammatory, while granulin, its derivative, conversely induces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. - PGRN is significantly involved in the brain tissue and its damage, for example, improving mood and cognitive disorders caused by cerebral ischemia. - It may also have protective effects against nerve and spinal cord injuries by inhibiting neuroinflammatory response and apoptosis or it may be related to the proliferation, accumulation, differentiation, and activation of microglia. - PGRN is a neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system. - It may increase post-stroke neurogenesis of the subventricular zone (SVZ), which is particularly important in improving long-term brain function following cerebral ischemia.
• [1.12] [#Prevotella copri] 
  - P. copri is significantly more abundant in the gut microbiota of patients with acute cerebral infarction
• [1.13] [#Food emulsifiers] 
  - positive associations between higher intakes of total cellulose emulsifiers (specifically E460 and E466) and total monoglycerides and diglycerides of fatty acids (specifically E472b and E472c) and #CVD risk. - Higher intakes of total celluloses (specifically E460 and E466) and total monoglycerides and diglycerides of fatty acids (specifically E472c) as well as trisodium phosphate (E339) were positively associated with risk of coronary heart disease, - total monoglycerides and diglycerides of fatty acids (specifically E472b) were positively associated with risk of cerebrovascular disease.
• [1.14] [#Clostridium sporogenes] 
  - C sporogenes, can convert dietary protein derived #Phenylalanine to #Phenylacetic acid, which is then converted by liver enzymes to #Phenylacetylglutamine, a metabolite linked with #Hypertension and increased risk of stroke.
• [1.15] 
  - both #Curcumin and #Baicalein appeared to ameliorate ischemic brain damage a by modulating microglia polarization and suppressing TLR4 and NF-kB signaling.
• - #Fisetin effects in a mouse model of ischemic stroke highlighted the flavanol’s ability to inhibit post-ischemic infiltration of macrophages and DCs as well as repress the intracerebral activation of immune cells
• - consumption of #Resveratrol after stroke events might exert neuroprotection through gut-brain-axis modulation

References Notes