Phenylalanine {90000181}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Clostridioides difficile] 
  - #Schizophrenia and autism incidence has been found to be higher in the C. difficile diseased population. - This association was further explained by a phenylalanine derivative synthesized and released by the same bacteria in the gut that is known to regulate catecholamine levels in the brain.
• [1.2] 
  - #Tryptophan and phenylalanine > Microbiom Catabolism > increased #Phenol and #Indole derivatives > chronic exposure of cultured neurons to these metabolites impaired their firing rate and induced axonal damage, independent from mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, thereby identifying a novel pathway of neurotoxicity.
• [1.3] 
  - Catabolism of phenylalanine and phenylacetate > #Cinnamate and #Benzoate is exclusive to the microbiome.
• [1.4] [#Atherosclerosis, #CVD] 
  - gut microbiota-dependent metabolism of dietary phenylalanine into #Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is critical in #Phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln) production, a metabolite linked to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). - PPFOR is the main contributor for PAA production in #Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. - PPDC plays an important role in PAA generation in #Proteus mirabilis. - PPFOR and PPDC contribute to PAA production and PAGln formation in colonized hosts. - Gut microbial ppdc and ppfor homolog abundances are each associated with ASCVD in humans.
• [1.5] 
  - Amino acids including phenylalanine, lysine, #Tryptophan, #Valine, #Leucine, and #Isoleucine, which are not synthesized in the body, were all reduced in individuals with #Obesity. - The reasons might be that specific amino acids were derived from proteins of various foods and fermented by microbiotas, which caused the concentration change in the circulation.
• [1.6] [#Autism] 
  - Autistic children were less likely to consume foods high in #Glutamic acid, serine, #Choline, phenylalanine, #Leucine, #Tyrosine, #Valine and #Histidine, all compounds involved in neurotransmitter biosynthesis
• [1.7] [#Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder] 
  - #Bifidobacterium was increased in patients with ADHD, which was linked with the enzyme involved in the #Dopamine precursor (phenylalanine) synthesis
• [1.8] [#Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder] 
  - DL-phenylalanine supplementation have a significant improvement in mood and mood lability in #Adult hyperactivity
• [1.9] [#Resistant starch] 
  - Serum levels of two AAAs, phenylalanine and #Tyrosine, were significantly lower after RS than CS intervention, and serum #Glutamic acid for GSG index calculation was significantly reduced after RS intake
• [#Clostridium sporogenes] - C sporogenes, can convert dietary protein derived phenylalanine to #Phenylacetic acid, which is then converted by liver enzymes to #Phenylacetylglutamine, a metabolite linked with #Hypertension and increased risk of #Stroke.
• [1.11] [#Autism] [#Aldehyde] 
  - aldehydes such as benzenacetaldehyde were thought to be involved in the phenylalanine pathway > potential ASD biomarkers.
• [#Autism] - increase of #Phenylacetylglycine has been detected in the urine of children with ASD children, indicating a consistent increase of gut permeability that could be linked to phenylalanine accumulation, stimulated by bacterial #Aromatic amino acid biosynthesis via the shikimate pathway.
• [1.12] 
  - PAG (#Phenylacetylglutamine) is a well known microbial metabolite that is formed from the conjugation of #Glutamine and phenylacetate, which almost exclusively originates from bacterial phenylalanine metabolism
• [1.13] [#Alzheimer’s disease] [#Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron] 
  - L-phenylalanine was produced by B. theta C34 as an agonist for GPR56 (AGRG1) and GPR97 (AGRG3)

References Notes