Neurotransmitters ⇒ Dopamine {60000054}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - #Bacillus can produce dopamine.
• [1.2] 
  - #Bacillus spp. produces Dopamin
• [1.3] [#Parkinson’s Disease] 
  - Tyrosine decarboxylase (TyrDC), present in gut microbes, converts #L-Dopa into dopamine, which does not cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulates in the gut, causing many side effects such as cardiac arrhythmias and nausea. - levodopa can be metabolized by Clostridium sporogenes to 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (#DHPPA), a metabolite that inhibits muscle contraction in the ileum, reduces intestinal movement, and impairs absorption in the small intestine.
• [1.4] [#Parkinson’s Disease] 
  - #Vitamin B6 is a critical cofactor for a wide range of biochemical reactions, including the synthesis of dopamine. - #Vitamin B6 intake was associated with a reduced risk of developing PD.
• [1.5] [#Parkinson’s Disease] 
  - elevated levels of #Tyrosine decarboxylase/aspartate 1-decarboxylase gene-family, which removes #Tyrosine, a required precursor of dopamine.
• [1.6] [#Bipolar disorder] 
  - in BD > Especially, #GABA, #Glutamate, #Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and #Acetylcholine appears to be importantly dysregulated in these patients
• - dopamine, which is higher during mania, increases ROS, and it seems that, during mania and #Depression, there is a compensatory increase in antioxidant marker levels
• [1.7] [#Bacillus subtilis] 
  - several microbiota species produce dopamine including #Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis and #Staphylococcus aureus
• [1.8] [#Anorexia nervosa] 
  - The abundance of GBMs for #Serotonin synthesis and degradation of #Tryptophan, #Glutamate, and dopamine, were enriched in AN.
• [1.9] [#Depression] 
  - inoculation of healthy mice with GM from UCMS mice activates the Vagus Nerve and induces early and sustained changes in both #Serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission pathways in the brainstem and HPC. - #Vagotomy abrogates adult HPC neurogenesis deficits, neuroinflammation and depressive-like behavior, suggesting that vagal afferent pathways are necessary to drive GM-mediated effects on the brain.
• [#Parkinson’s Disease] - #Butyrate can protect against MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6,-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD) neurotoxicity by preventing dopaminergic neuronal loss and dopamine depletion, reducing gliosis proliferation in SN and up-regulating neurotrophic factors.
• [1.11] [#Parkinson’s Disease] [#L-Dopa] 
• [1.12] 
  - animal models of #Schizophrenia had reduced systemic dopamine and lower enteric #GABA
• [1.13] [#Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder] 
  - #Bifidobacterium was increased in patients with ADHD, which was linked with the enzyme involved in the dopamine precursor (#Phenylalanine) synthesis
• [#Autism] - FMT in the ASD cohort could decrease #GABA and #Serotonin in serum, but the dopamine level was increased by FMT.
• - #Bacillus species produce #Norepinephrine and dopamine
• - #Escherichia produces #Norepinephrine, #Serotonin, and dopamine
• [1.14] [#Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder] 
  - #Bifidobacterium also participates in the DA neural reward system, suggesting that #Bifidobacterium is a potential biomarker for ADHD
• [#Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder] [#Keto diet] - KD could relieve behavioral symptoms of ADHD in SHR, increase neurotransmitter expression, and increase protein expression of DA-related genes (DRD1, DAT, PKA, DARPP32, and cAMP).
• [1.15] [#Parkinson’s Disease] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - SCFAs were recently reported to have protective properties against dopamine and #Tyrosine hydroxylase depletion in the substantia nigra
• [#Parkinson’s Disease] - #Helicobacter pylori, was found to be associated with increased severity of motor dysfunction, decreased dopamine levels in the brain, and decreased levodopa absorption as well as autoimmune and inflammatory reactions
• [#Parkinson’s Disease] [#Alpha-synuclein] - oral administration of #Proteus mirabilis, increased markedly in PD mouse models, was sufficient to provoke selective death of dopamine neurons and motor deficits in mice, accompanied by neuroinflammation and accumulation of aggregates of α-synuclein in both the colon and brain
• [1.16] 
  - microbial production of #Fatty acid amides (FAAs) enhanced sensory neuron activity through the endocannabinoid receptor CB1. - This increase in neuronal activity, in turn, boosted striatal dopamine signaling during exercise
• - The microbiome appeared to fundamentally influence the impact of exercise on the brain. - Intense #Physical activity stimulates numerous neurochemical responses in the brain, including a surge in dopamine release in the striatum > in the absence of the microbiome, this surge was severely diminished. - dopamine deficiency was indeed the cause for reduced exercise in microbiome-depleted animals. - restoring dopamine signaling fully restored their running ability
• [1.17] 
  - #Butanoic acid operates as a powerful inhibitor of histone deacetylase in the regulations of the #Neurotransmitters #Norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine, and also modulates the inflammatory and oxidative conditions of intestinal mucosa.
• [1.18] [#Parkinson’s Disease] 
  - PA increased the survival of mouse primary DA neurons against rotenone-induced toxicity, - #Butyric acid rescued α-syn overexpression-induced DNA damage in Lund human mesencephalic cells. - In mouse PD models, oral supplementation of #Propionate and #Butyrate also protected neurons from chemically induced degeneration and ameliorated motor impairments.

References Notes