Zonulin {90000184}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Sjögren syndrome ] 
  - pSS patients had gut dysbiosis associated with increased serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 and TNF-alpha (systemic inflammation) and zonulin (intestinal permeability) that resulted in increased systemic microbial exposure.
• [1.2] [#Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)] 
  - Elevated expression of serum zonulin, a marker of gut epithelial permeability, during early pregnancy in women with GDM indicates a possible link between gut microbiota and GDM.
• [1.3] [#Parkinson’s Disease] 
  - #Alpha-1-antitrypsin and zonulin are markers of intestinal hyperpermeability in PD
• [1.4] [#Parkinson’s Disease] 
  - Other possible inflammatory markers of PD are #Calprotectin and zonulin. - The first is a marker of inflammation, while the second is a junction protein, which, if modulated by proinflammatory signals (e.g., LPS), can lead to an increase in intestinal membrane permeability. - both fecal and serum levels of #Calprotectin and zonulin are elevated in patients with PD
• [1.5] 
  - The serum zonulin levels of #Covid-19 patients with the mild clinical course were lower than the healthy control group. Moreover, serum zonulin levels were not correlated with ESR, CRP, and other inflammation markers
• [1.6] [#Depression] [#Lipopolysaccharide] 
  - Depressed individuals had ↑ circulating IgM and ↑ IgA antibodies against LPS, indicating increased bacterial translocation. - Individuals with depressive and/or anxiety disorders had altered plasma levels of: ↑ LPS, ↑ zonulin, and ↑ fatty acid-binding protein 2, as well as an overrepresentation of LPS biosynthesis genes in the fecal microbiome. - Couples with hostile marital interactions had altered circulating: ↑ LPS binding protein (LBP), and ↑ CRP, and individuals with a history of mood disorders had altered circulating levels: ↑ ratio LBP/sCD14 and ↑ CRP
• [1.7] [#Bipolar disorder] 
  - The increment of serum zonulin levels may be related to higher susceptibility for #Depression induced by stimuli. - zonulin and claudin-5 have seen increased in patients with BD.
• - zonulin and #Claudin-5 have been proposed as biomarkers to detect BBB disruption.
• - Zonulin modulates intercellular tight junctions and increases intestinal permeability in jejunum and ileum.
• [1.8] 
  - Treatment with larazotide acetate, a specific molecular antagonist of zonulin, completely reversed gut permeability
• [1.9] [#Claudin-1, #Claudin-5] 
• - Treatment of human colon mucosal epithelial cells (NCM460) with sodium #Butyrate (SB) increased mitochondrial respiration (i.e., increased maximal respiration, spare capacity, and OxPhos-dependent ATP production) and expression of genes involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics (TFAM), complex I (NDUFA1, NDUFA4, and NDUFA6), complex IV (COX6A1), and complex V (ATP5E and ATP8). - SB treatment promoted barrier integrity by increasing tight junction gene (zonulin-1 and #Occludin) expression.
• [1.11] [#Celiac Disease] 
  - #Gluten-derived peptides signal through MYD88-dependent activation of the CXCR3 receptor to promote secretion of #IL-8 and upregulation of paracellular permeability in the epithelium via zonulin release.

References Notes