Acetylcholine {90000146} Record Keys Parent:[ ] Definition:Acetylcholine Queue:[ ] Details Initialisation date:[ ] Specification: [ ]Source: [ ] Meta Information Structural Type:[ ] Functional Type:Neurotransmitter Function:Anti-inflammatory Notes: [ ]Shared Reference Notes [1.1] - #Lactobacillus can produce acetylcholine [1.2] - Acetylcholine is produced from #Lactobacillus [1.3] [#Lipopolysaccharide] - Vagus nerve stimulation decreases the neuroinflammatory response to systemic administration of lipopolysaccharides and induces an anti-inflammatory microglial phenotype in an AD model. - Stimulation of the vagus nerve > release acetylcholine, which has an anti-inflammatory effect on macrophage gene expression in the periphery. [1.4] [#kynurenic acid] - KYNA acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist or through the inhibition of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine (α7nACh) receptors. [#Bipolar disorder] - in BD > Especially, #GABA, #Glutamate, #Serotonin, #Dopamine, norepinephrine and acetylcholine appears to be importantly dysregulated in these patients - only #Lactobacillus plantarum seems to take part in the synthesis of acetylcholine. [1.5] [#Lactobacillus plantarum] - L. plantarum can produce acetylcholine [1.6] - #Lactobacillus species produce acetylcholine and #GABA [1.7] [#Noradrenalin, #Serotonin] [#Keto diet] - concentrations of 5-HT, NE, AC, and cAMP of SHR in the KD group were strikingly higher than that in the ND group. [1.8] - #Acetate metabolism is an important metabolic pathway in many cancers and is controlled by acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of #Acetate to acetyl-CoA. - blocking ACSS2, switches #Cancer cells from #Acetate consumers to producers of #Acetate thereby freeing #Acetate for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to use as a fuel source. [1.9] - Metabolic rewiring of these pathways by #Vitamin B12 reduces cholinergic signalling by limiting the availability of free #Choline required by neurons to synthesize acetylcholine - Patients with #Depression have increased amounts of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is produced by glycerophosphocholine. [1.11] [#Western-style diet] - Early life Western diet (WD) disrupts memory despite healthy diet intervention. - Early life WD yields long-lasting reductions in hippocampus cholinergic tone. - Early life WD disrupts novelty-induced hippocampal acetylcholine release. - Gut microbiome changes due to early life Western diet are reversible. - Impaired acetylcholine signaling underlies WD-induced memory deficits.References Notes[ ]
