Inulin [Helenin, Alatin, Meniantin] {60000102}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Polycystic ovary syndrome] [#High Fat Diet] 
  - Inulin improve gut dysbiosis, lower testosterone, and increase estradiol levels while improving ovarian morphology and weight gain in mice fed a high-fat diet
• [1.2] [#Cancer] [#Oral administration of Inulin Gel] 
  - In multiple murine tumour models, inulin—a widely consumed dietary fibre—formulated as a ‘colon-retentive’ orally administered gel can effectively modulate the gut microbiome in situ, induce systemic memory-T-cell responses and amplify the antitumour activity of the checkpoint inhibitor anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (α-PD-1). - Orally delivered inulin-gel treatments increased the relative abundances of key commensal microorganisms and their short-chain-fatty-acid metabolites, and led to enhanced recall responses for interferon-γ+CD8+ T cells as well as to the establishment of stem-like T-cell factor-1+PD-1+CD8+ T cells within the tumour microenvironment.
• [1.3] [#High fibre diet] 
  - vegetables rich in inulin increased #Bifidobacterium levels, promoted satiety, and reduced body weight
• [1.4] 
  - LCI is associated with an increase in #Bifidobacterium.
• [#Elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] - High doses of inulin cause inflammation and elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
• [1.5] [#Allergy] 
  - diet of inulin fibre alters the composition of the mouse microbiota and the levels of microbiota-derived metabolites, notably #Bile Acids. - This metabolomic shift is associated with type 2 inflammation in the intestine and lungs, characterized by IL-33 production, activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells and eosinophilia. - dietary inulin fibre triggers microbiota-derived #Cholic acid and type 2 inflammation at barrier surfaces
• [1.6] [#Depression] [#Bifidobacterium animalis lactis, #Bifidobacterium bifidum, #Bifidobacterium longum, #Lactobacillus acidophilus] [#humanized Galactooligosaccharides] [#Combination of probiotics and polyphenol-rich prebiotics] 
  - patients were administered a synbiotic containing L. acidophilus, B. bifidum, B. lactis, and B. longum with the prebiotics FOS, GOS and inulin. In a subset of patients with depressive symptoms, the synbiotic significantly reduced the depressive score compared to both the #Probiotic-alone and placebo groups, which correlated to an increase in #BDNF serum levels.
• [#humanized Galactooligosaccharides, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] [#Fructooligosaccharides] - prebiotics that promote SCFA production such as #Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS) or inulin, have been shown to have multiple beneficial immune- and metabolic- effects that can ultimately improve cognition.
• [1.7] 
  - #Ethanol feeding caused a significant increase in inulin permeability in distal colon. - Elevated permeability was associated with a redistribution of tight junction and adherens junction proteins and depletion of detergent-insoluble fractions of these proteins, suggesting that #Ethanol disrupts apical junctional complexes in colonic epithelium and increases paracellular permeability.
• [1.8] [#Bifidobacteria, #Bifidobacterium adolescentis, #Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum] [#Fructooligosaccharides, #Human milk oligosaccharides] 
  - 2′FL/LNnT were bifidogenic for both age groups, 3′SL/6′SL and FOS/IN were exclusively bifidogenic for children and adults, respectively. - 3′SL/6′SL stimulated B. pseudocatenulatum (abundant in children), FOS/IN enhanced B. adolescentis (abundant in adults). - increased #Acetate, #Propionate and #Butyrate (only in adults) with product- and age-dependent differences.
• [1.9] [#humanized Galactooligosaccharides] 
  - #Lactobacillus and #Bifidobacterium specialize in oligosaccharide fermentation, utilizing galactooligosaccharides (GOS), #Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and #Polysaccharide inulin
• [#carrot-derived rhamnogalacturonan I] [#Carrot] - cRG-I resulted in a significantly higher #Acetate (+40%), #Propionate (+22%), yet a lower gas production (–44%) compared to IN. - cRG-I could thus result in overall more robust beneficial effects, while also being better tolerated.
• [1.11] [#Lachnospiracea] 
  - The relatively higher proportion of #Acetate and #Propionate in the inulin group could be partially explained by the higher abundance of #Parasutterella, #Bacteroides, and #Parabacteroides, and as well as the lower prevalence of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and #Faecalibaculum
• - #Lentils (LEN) and #Chickpeas (CKP) increase #Butyrate, while inulin (INU) promotes #Propionate. - #Bile Acids and #Cholesterol are reduced in #Prebiotic groups along with suppressed #Choline-to-trimethylamine conversion by LEN and CKP
• [1.12] [#High fibre diet] 
  - Dietary fibre is comprised of both soluble and insoluble carbohydrates and includes #Pectin, cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, #Arabinoxylan, nondigestible oligosaccharide inulin, #Oligofructose and #Resistant Starch.
• - #Apple #Pectin was three times more effective in promoting #Bacteroides growth and overall microflora diversity than inulin
• - Inulin increased the relative abundance of #Bifidobacteria
• - inulin as a #Prebiotic > increased #Bifidobacterium and #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and decreased #Bilophila after inulin digestion by human volunteers
• - Food sources that contain inulin include wheat, bananas, #Garlic, #Onion, agave and chicory root.
• [1.13] [#Fructooligosaccharides] 
  - inulin (with DP of ≤60) can be fermented only by a few species, whereas a large number of microorganisms are able to degrade FOS
• - inulin-enriched #Oligofructose might enhance mood, recognition, immediate memory, and recall (after 4 hours)
• [1.14] 
  - P-inulin administration altered the composition of the gut microbiota significantly, with an increase in abundance of #Bifidobacterium and #Anaerostipes > significant enrichment in microbial metabolites derived from saccharolysis.
• [1.15] 
  - Deletions of #Bacteroides dorei and #Lachnoclostridium clostridioforme resulted in lower biomass and higher residual inulin.
• [1.16] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] 
  - inulin fiber diet promotes Tph1-expressing inflammatory ILC2s (ILC2INFLAM) in the colon, which produce IL-5 but not tissue-protective amphiregulin (AREG), resulting in the accumulation of eosinophils. - This exacerbates inflammation in a murine model of intestinal damage and inflammation in an ILC2- and eosinophil-dependent manner. - the inulin fiber diet elevated microbiota-derived #Bile Acids, including #Cholic acid (CA) that induced expression of ILC2-activating IL-33. In IBD patients, #Bile Acids, their receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR), IL-33, and eosinophils were all upregulated.
• [1.17] 
  - soluble fiber inulin or #Guar gum, but not insoluble fiber cellulose, promoted colorectal tumorigenesis in AOM-treated and Apcmin/+ mice. - Soluble fiber induced gut dysbiosis with #Bacteroides uniformis enrichment and #Bifidobacterium pseudolongum depletion, accompanied by increased fecal #Butyrate and serum #Bile Acids and decreased #Inosine.
• [1.18] 
  - In aged mice, inulin restored potentially beneficial taxa including #Bifidobacterium and key #Butyrate producing genera (e.g. #Faecalibaculum).
• - in aged mice > dietary inulin significantly increased production of #Butyrate in the cecum and induced changes in the community structure of the gut microbiome but did not significantly affect systemic inflammation or other markers of gastrointestinal health.

References Notes