Oral administration of Metformin {50000154}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - #Metformin, decreased leaky gut and inflammation in high-fat diet-fed older obese mice, by beneficially modulating the gut microbiota. - #Metformin increased goblet cell mass and mucin production in the obese older gut, thereby decreasing leaky gut and inflammation. - #Metformin treatment slightly increased Bacteroidetes in HFD-fed mice compared to their untreated HFD-fed counterparts. - The abundance of genera belonging to S24_7, Ruminococcaceae and Lactococcus were increased, while that of Coriobacteriaceae, Lactobacillus, Dorea, SMB53, Roseburia and Veilonellaceae, and Dehalobacterium was significantly decreased in the gut of #Metformin-treated HFD-fed older mice compared to their HFD-fed controls. - Similarly, the proportion of Clostridiales;g, Lachnospiraceae;g, and Ruminococcus was significantly increased while that of genus Sutterella was significantly decreased in #Metformin-treated LFD-fed mice compared to their LFD-fed counterparts. - The abundance of 5-aminopantanoate_1, propionate and butyrate was increased while that of 5-aminopentanoate_2, ethanol, sarcosine, formate, creatinine, propylene glycol, and several others were decreased in #Metformin-treated LFD-fed older mice compared to untreated LFD-fed controls. Similarly, the abundance of taurine, butyrate, total bile acids_1, propionate, and leucine was increased while that of creatinine, sarcosine, glutamate, pyruvate, and formate was significantly decreased in the feces of #Metformin-treated HFD-fed older mice compared to their untreated HFD-fed counterparts . #Metformin caused highest increase in butyrate and taurine and highest decrease in creatinine and sarcosine abundance in the gut of older mice .
• [1.2] [#Diabetes Type 2, #Parkinson’s Disease] 
  - #Metformin reduces neuronal damage in the brains of PD patients via neuroprotection and the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, thus providing a novel strategy for the clinical treatment of PD.
• [1.3] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Akkermansia muciniphila] [#Secondary bile acids, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - oral metformin has been shown to alter gut microbiome composition in obese adults with T2D, which was associated with secondary BA and FXR changes, resulting in improved insulin sensitivity - Metformin promotes colonization by SCFA-producing bacteria such as Akkermansia, Several studies of different ethnic populations with T2D and healthy individuals have demonstrated that metformin alters gut microbiome composition and is associated with changes in SCFA, BA, and C-peptide levels.
• [1.4] 
  - Metformin treatment is associated with reduced #Breast cancer incidence, recurrence and mortality. - metformin treatment was significantly associated with decreased levels of #Citrulline, #Arginine, #Tyrosine, caffeine, paraxanthine, and theophylline, and increased levels of leucine, isoleucine, proline, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate, 4-methyl-2-oxovalerate, alanine and indoxyl-sulphate. - Long-chain unsaturated phosphatidylcholines were significantly decreased with the metformin treatment, as were phospholipid-derived long-chain n-6 fatty acids. - The metabolomic profiles of metformin treatment suggest change in specific biochemical pathways known to impair cancer cell growth including activation of CYP1A2, alterations in fatty acid desaturase activity, and altered metabolism of specific amino acids, including impaired branched chain amino acid catabolism.
• [1.5] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Glycoursodeoxycholic acid] 
  - GUDCA, an endogenous bile acid conversed by gut bacteria, was found to be increased by metformin treatment and improve insulin sensitivity though an intestinal FXR dependent pathway
• [1.6] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii > significant decrease in patients with T2DM treated with #Metformin alone, while no significant decrease was observed in patients treated with #Metformin combined with #Benaglutide.

References Notes