Tyrosine {90000270}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Diabetes Type 1] 
  - In patients with type 1 diabetes, elevated #Blautia abundance was observed and was correlated with increased IA-2 tyrosine phosphatase autoantibodies, important markers of autoimmunity.
• [1.2] [#Parkinson’s Disease] 
  - elevated levels of tyrosine decarboxylase/aspartate 1-decarboxylase gene-family, which removes tyrosine, a required precursor of #Dopamine.
• [1.3] [#Oral administration of Metformin] 
  - Metformin treatment is associated with reduced #Breast cancer incidence, recurrence and mortality. - metformin treatment was significantly associated with decreased levels of #Citrulline, #Arginine, tyrosine, caffeine, paraxanthine, and theophylline, and increased levels of leucine, isoleucine, proline, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate, 4-methyl-2-oxovalerate, alanine and indoxyl-sulphate. - Long-chain unsaturated phosphatidylcholines were significantly decreased with the metformin treatment, as were phospholipid-derived long-chain n-6 fatty acids. - The metabolomic profiles of metformin treatment suggest change in specific biochemical pathways known to impair cancer cell growth including activation of CYP1A2, alterations in fatty acid desaturase activity, and altered metabolism of specific amino acids, including impaired branched chain amino acid catabolism.
• [1.4] [#Chronic fatigue syndrome] [#Parabacteroides distasonis] 
  - In ME/CFS without IBS, decreased tyrosine correlated with decreased P. distasonis.
• [1.5] 
  - administration of #4-ethylphenylsulfate (4-EPS), a tyrosine derivative, to mice at 3–6 weeks postnatal induced #Anxiety-like behavior. - 4-EPS interfered with oligodendrocyte maturation, myelination, and brain activity patterns.
• [#Para-cresol] - p-Cresol, another tyrosine derivative and a metabolite, has also been directly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
• [1.6] [#Autism] 
  - Autistic children were less likely to consume foods high in #Glutamic acid, serine, #Choline, #Phenylalanine, #Leucine, tyrosine, #Valine and #Histidine, all compounds involved in neurotransmitter biosynthesis
• [1.7] [#Clostridioides difficile] [#Para-cresol] 
  - p-Cresol is an aromatic derivative of tyrosine produced as a catabolite by many members of the gut microbiota, including some #Bifidobacteriaceae, #Enterobacteriaceae, #Clostridiaceae, #Lactobacillaceae, #Coriobacteriaceae, and #Bacteroidaceae. - #Clostridia difficile has displayed a particular growth advantage on p-cresol and people with #Autism spectrum disorders often have a gut microbiome that is enriched in #Clostridia.
• [1.8] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - The tyrosine decarboxylase action of bacteria #Ruminococcus gnavus, #Enterococcus faecalis and #Clostridium sporogenes converts tyrosine (Tyr) into #Tyramine. - Its role to improve #Glucose tolerance marked it as a beneficial metabolite to T2DM.
• [1.9] [#Polycystic ovary syndrome] [#Butyrate, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - Butylated #Starch could be metabolized by the gut microbiota to produce SCFAs, which could stimulate the peptide-tyrosine-tyrosine secretion and the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis to alleviate PCOS.
• [#Autism] - #4-ethylphenylsulfate, which is a dietary tyrosine metabolite that is considered to induce ADS-like behavior
• [1.11] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - SCFAs, the products of #Prebiotic fermentation, could induce the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase
• [1.12] 
  - 10undecenoate and tyrosine were associated with a lower #Celiac Disease risk.
• [1.13] [#Resistant starch] 
  - Serum levels of two AAAs, #Phenylalanine and tyrosine, were significantly lower after RS than CS intervention, and serum #Glutamic acid for GSG index calculation was significantly reduced after RS intake
• [1.14] [#Parkinson’s Disease] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - SCFAs were recently reported to have protective properties against #Dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase depletion in the substantia nigra
• [1.15] 
  - Tyrosine catabolism generates #Tyramine, a neurotransmitter that promotes #Norepinephrine release, resulting in peripheral vasoconstriction, increased blood #Glucose levels, cardiac output, and respiration. - #Tyramine also promotes microbe adherence to enterocytes and modulates subsequent cytokine signaling by enterocytes
• [1.16] [#4-ethylphenol, #4-ethylphenylsulfate] 
  - A subset of the required enzymes (e.g., hydroxycinnamate reductase enzymes (HCRs), tyrosine #Ammonia-lyase (TALs)) are encoded within the genomes of many microbes (e.g., #Clostridium aerotolerans, #Clostridium xylanolyticum and #Bacteroides ovatus) > increase 4EP
• [1.17] [#Cognitive impairment] 
  - In stool, #Bifidobacterium abundance correlated with #4-hydroxyphenyllactate, which is a metabolite of tyrosine—a catecholamine precursor associated with cognitive function.

References Notes