Branched short-chain fatty acids ⇒ Isobutyric acid {90000386}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Branched short-chain fatty acids, #Isovaleric acid] [#High-protein diet] 
  - Both isobutyric and isovaleric acids are BSCFAs, which are produced by fermentation of #Branched-chain amino acids by intestinal flora. Milk and dairy products are unique dietary sources of BCFAs. - Higher levels of BCFAs are produced when eating a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet
• [#Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), #Pregnancy] [#Branched-chain amino acids, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] In GDM: - Isobutyric, isovaleric, valeric, and hexanoic acids were significantly higher in the GDM. - isobutyric acid significantly correlated with urea and blood glucose at 1 and 2 hours after OGTT; fasting blood glucose, blood glucose at 2 hours after OGTT. - urea/creatinine ratio positively correlated with #Valeric acid. - blood glucose at 2 hours after OGTT positively correlated with #Caproic acid. - white blood cell count positively correlated with #Propionic acid. - Significantly elevated isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid in pregnant women with GDM may be associated with insulin resistance caused by BCFAs.
• [#Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP), #Pregnancy] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] In the ICP - isobutyric acids levels were higher, while acetic, propionic, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, and hexanoic acids levels were significantly lower. - isobutyric acid and #Hexanoic acid showed significant correlations with each clinical indicator. - Hemoglobin, white blood cells count, albumin, gestational weeks at delivery, fetal birth weight, and BMI were positively correlated with #Hexanoic acid. - total BAs and ALT were negatively correlated with #Hexanoic acid - isobutyric acid showed the opposite trend with #Hexanoic acid. - #Valeric acid positively correlated with hemoglobin and negatively correlated with total BA and ALT. - #Caproic acid and isobutyric acid might be potential biomarkers
• [#Preeclamsia, #Pregnancy] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] in PE: - #Acetic acid, #Propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and valeric acids levels were significantly higher in the PE group. - the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, urea/creatinine ratio, and total BA of pregnant women significantly positively correlated with #Acetic acid, #Propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and #Valeric acid. - urea positively correlated with #Acetic acid and isobutyric acid. - white blood cell count and gestational age negatively correlated with #Acetic acid, #Propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and #Valeric acid. - total cholesterol negatively correlated with #Propionic acid and isobutyric acid. - the percentage of neutrophils and fetal birth weight negatively correlated with isobutyric acid and #Valeric acid. - #Acetic acid and #Propionic acid have high diagnostic value for PE.
• [1.2] [#Hypercholesterolaemia] 
  - High levels of isobutyric acid could be one such biomarker for hypercholesterolemia.
• [1.3] 
  - norepinephrine, indole, #Indole-3-aldehyde, #Isovaleric acid, #Butyric acid, and isobutyric acid stimulate #Serotonin release from enterochromaffin cells.
• [1.4] 
  - #Odoribacter abundance positively correlates with isobutyric acid and an unfavourable lipid profile.
• [1.5] [#Cancer] [#Acetic acid, #Butyric acid, #Isocaproic acid, #Isovaleric acid] 
  - aciduric #Peptostreptococcus stomatis produces acetic, butyric, isobutyric, isovaleric, and isocaproic acids. - Production of such acids may contribute to the acidic and hypoxic microenvironment of tumors, thereby increasing metastatic efficiency
• [1.6] [#Tuberculosis] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - TB infection reduced the SCFA production in feces which included significantly low levels of #Butyric acid, isobutyric acid, #Valeric acid, and #2-metylbutic acid. However, the levels of #Propionic acid and #Acetic acid were non-significantly reduced and elevated, respectively, in the TB group compared with HC.
• [1.7] [#Autism] [#Caproic acid, #Isovaleric acid, #Propionic acid, #Short Chain Fatty Acid, #Valeric acid] 
  - higher levels of propionic and valeric acids as well as the sum of minor SCFA (isobutyric + isovaleric + valeric + caproic acids) were found in ASD at the age 4–7 years, but these differences disappeared at the age of 8–10 year

References Notes