Betaine {90000164} Record Keys Parent:[ ] Definition:Betaine Queue:[ ] Details Initialisation date:2021-05-08 Specification: [ ]Source: [ ] Meta Information Structural Type:[ ] Functional Type:[ ] Function:[ ] Notes: - Human milk metabolite. - Betaine is naturally present in the diet and can also be metabolized from choline.Shared Reference Notes [1.1] [#Obesity] [#Human breast milk] - Infants fed with breast milk rich in betaine showed reduced growth rates after birth. - Experiments in mice showed that giving betaine to female mice improved blood sugar metabolism and lowered fat tissue in breastfeeding offspring. - When breast-fed with milk rich in betaine, both mouse pups and human infants had higher amounts of #Akkermansia bacteria in their guts. - Low levels of maternal betaine during pregnancy are linked to increased infant weight at birth. - Maternal betaine supplementation resulted in lower fetal weight in a mouse study. [1.2] [#Chronic fatigue syndrome] [#Anaerotruncus colihominis] - Decreased betaine was associated with decreased A. colihominis. [1.3] - the ratio of two particular plant-associated metabolites to betaine, an osmoregulatory compound downstream of #Choline, was significantly higher in normal cognition than #Mild Cognitive Impairment [1.4] [#Blood Brain Barrier Integrity] - Trimethylamine, a metabolite of dietary #Choline, betaine, and l-#Carnitine, has been reported to exert detrimental impact on the BBB integrity. [1.5] - #Choline, #Carnitine and betaine present in fish, egg, and red meats are metabolized to #TMAO by gut bacteria. - Responsible Bacteria are #Anaerococcus hydrogenalis, #Clostridium asparagiforme, #Clostridium hathewayi, #Clostridium sporogenes, #Escherichia fergusonii, #Proteus penneri, #Providencia rettgeri etc. [1.6] - #Covid-19 > increased levels of triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholines, prostaglandin E2, #Arginine, and decreased levels of betaine and #Adenosine in patients with abnormal pulmonary function. [1.7] [#Prostate cancer] - Men who have greater levels of #Choline, betaine, or PCA-related metabolites linked to the gut microbiome (such as #Phenylacetylglutamine) have around two times as many chances of developing incident PCA cancer in the future. [1.8] - higher concentrations of five metabolites, namely 1-oleoylglycerophosphoethanolamine, 1palmitoylglycerophosphoethanolamine, 1,6-anhydroglucose, #Phenylacetylglutamine, #Tryptophan betaine, were strongly linked to higher #Celiac Disease risk [1.9] [#Metabolic associated fatty liver disease] - Betaine, #Choline, betaine, #Folate, and #Vitamin B12 deficiencies may promote DNA methylation, boosting hepatic #Triglyceride production.References Notes[ ]
