Indole-3-propionic acid {60000071}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Indole-3-acetic acid, #Tryptophan] 
  - TRP > utilized by the intestinal flora in the intestinal tract and metabolized into ligand molecules indole, indole propionic acid, indole acetic acid, #Skatole, and #Tryptamine > action on of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR).
• [1.2] [#Parkinson’s Disease] [#Butyrate, #Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - in PD Patient > Fecal SCFA levels of butyric acid, #Valeric acid and propionic acid are reduced, whereas plasma levels were higher. - in PD Patient > Low fecal concentration of most SCFAs > increased plasma propionic acid concentration > More severe motor impairment - in PD Patient > Low fecal levels of butyric acid and higher plasma concentrations of butyric acid and #Valeric acid > More serious cognitive symptoms.
• [1.3] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - indole-3-propionic acid has been shown to have neuroprotective and antioxidant effects, protecting primary neurons and neuroblastoma cells from oxidative damage and death caused by amyloid β protein (Aβ)
• [#Cancer] [#Mycobacterium tuberculosis] - Indole-3-propionic acid, an indole derivative, exhibits biological activities similar to those of indoles, such as affecting host susceptibility to Mycobacterium #Tuberculosis anticancer activity.
• [#Diabetes Type 2] - #1-linoleoylglycerophosphocholine and indole-3-propionic acid (indolepropionic) are potentially to significantly reducing T2D risk.
• [1.4] [#Indole-3-aldehyde] 
  - Most #Tryptophan is transformed in the #Indole pathway. Intestinal bacteria express the enzyme tryptophanase, leading to the production of #Indole in the gut. - #Indole > metabolized into 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA) > binds to the pregnane X receptor (PXR) in intestinal cells. - IPA is absorbed in the intestine and distributed to the brain > neuroprotective properties. - #Indole > metabolized into #Indole-3-aldehyde (I3A) > triggers immunoprotective effects in the intestine.
• [1.5] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Indole sulfuric acid (ISA)] 
  - The bacterially derived Trp metabolites indoles, IPA and #Indole sulfuric acid (ISA) are lower in blood samples from subjects with type 2 diabetes as compared to the lean controls. - Higher serum concentrations of IPA are also associated with a reduced prevalence of T2D.
• [#Indole-3-carboxyaldehyde, #Niacin, #Tryptophan] [#Ginseng] - #Ginsenoside Rg1 could increase the levels of Trp metabolites in the serum, including indole-3-carboxaldehyde, #Indole-3-lactic acid, 3-indolepropionic acid and niacinamide. - In mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity, #Ginsenoside Rb1 significantly altered the gut microbiota composition and serum Trp
• - The plasma levels of IPA are significantly lower in subjects with #Huntington’s Disease compared to healthy controls
• [#Indole-3-acetamide (IAM), #Indole-3-acetic acid, #Indole-3-aldehyde, #Indole-3-lactic acid, #Indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA), #Indoleacrylic acid (IA)] - For AhR, the most effective Trp metabolites are #Indole, #Skatole, IA, #Tryptamine, IPyA and #Indole-3-acetamide (IAM), whereas IAA, IAID, IPA and ILA are the least active
• [#Inflamatory bowel disease] - The metabolite IPA regulates the intestinal barrier function in mice by activating the pregnane X receptor (PXR) or AhR. - Trp metabolite IPA in the serum from patients with active colitis is also selectively diminished.
• - Circulating IPA levels were found to be lower in individuals with #Liver fibrosis compared to those without fibrosis
• [1.6] 
  - in #Anorexia nervosa :The metabolomic analysis indicated an elevation in metabolites linked to lowered food consumption including #Taurine-hyodeoxycholic acid, #Taurine-α-muricholic acid, and indole-3-propionic acid molecules.
• [1.7] 
  - The GM metabolism of #Tryptophan also leads to the production of six neuroactive compounds altogether called TRYP-6 affecting the Gut-Brain Axis (GBA). - These six metabolites include #Indole-3-acetic acid, quinolinate, #kynurenine, indole, #Tryptamine and indole propionic acid
• [1.8] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - #Fasting considerably increased plasma levels of indolepropionic acid and #Tauroursodeoxycholic acid and fecal levels of SCFAs.
• [1.9] [#Clostridium botulinum, #Clostridium caloritolerans, #Clostridium paraputrifcum] [#Tryptophan] 
  - Some gut microbiomes, C. botulinum, C. caloritolerans and C. paraputrifcum converts Trp to #Indole -3-#Propionic acid (IPA). - Its major contribution is in preserving β-cell function and improving #Glucose metabolism.
• [#Indole-3-lactic acid] - #Clostridium sporogenes, for example, converts #Tryptophan into #Tryptamine, indoleacetic acid (ILA), and #Indole #Propionic acid (IPA)

References Notes