Disease ⇒ Hypothyroidism {40000124}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - Individuals diagnosed with #Hashimoto’s thyroiditis but possessing normal thyroid function exhibited elevated levels of #Intestinimonas in comparison to those diagnosed with both Hashimoto’s and hypothyroidism
• - in individuals diagnosed with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis > #Akkermansia bacteria were more prevalent in both healthy individuals and those with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with normal thyroid function, in contrast to the group of patients with Hashimoto’s with hypothyroidism
• [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - SCFA-producing #Bacteria such as #Akkermansia, #Butyrivibrio, #Holdemania, #Anaerostipes, and #Intestinimonas were identified in this study as part of the gut microbiota associated with hypothyroidism. - SCFAs play a crucial role in the regulation of sodium/#Iodine symporter (NIS) expression in thyroid cells.
• - #Akkermansia, #Butyrivibrio, #Holdemania, and #Ruminococcaceae UCG-011 were identified as protective factors for hypothyroidism, whereas #Anaerostipes, #Intestinimonas, and Ruminiclostridium5 were found to have negative effects on the condition.
• [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - #Butyrivibrio to produce SCFAs and influence the intestinal environment may be a significant factor in hypothyroidism.
• - reduction in #Holdemania among individuals with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with hypothyroidism > acts as a safeguard against hypothyroidism. - #Holdemania may potentially be involved in developing hypothyroidism by regulating the enterohepatic circulation of thyroid hormone. - The microbiota plays a role in enhancing the reabsorption of thyroid hormones in the enterohepatic circulation > breaking down sulfated glucuronide derivatives of iodothyronine through bacterial sulfate esterase or b-glucuronidase
• - the composition of the gut bacteria affects the uptake and movement of essential minerals such as #Iodine, copper, #Iron, #Zinc, and #Selenium, along with the required enzyme activity for synthesizing thyroid hormones. The conversion of thyroxine (T4) into active triiodothyronine (T3) or reverse T3 (rT3) heavily relies on iodothyronine-deiodinases. - The intestinal wall exhibits deiodinase activity, which possibly increases the overall amount of T3. - Animal models have demonstrated that individuals deficient in certain microorganisms have a reduced ability to absorb elemental #Iodine through the intestine

References Notes