Neurotransmitters {90000180}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - Other vital neurotransmitters, such as dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), and norepinephrine, are also formed from gut microbiome
• [1.2] 
  - In neurodegenerative diseases > #Histamine and other important neurotransmitters were synthesized in reduced amounts by the microbes with an elevated population in the diseased state. - Most of the microbes, except #Desulfovibrio, #Lactobacillus, and #Streptococcus, showed no annotation in their #Genome to synthesize #Histamine.
• [1.3] [#American Heart Association Diet] 
  - the low-fat AHAD modulates key neurotransmitters, such as promoting #GABA production, in individuals with #Cognitive impairment. This dysregulation may be related to increases in #GABA-producing microbes, such as #Alistipes sp. CAG:514.
• [1.4] [#Covid-19] 
  - (1) supplementation of #Taurine (reducing musculoskeletal disorders); - (2) supplementation of #Citrulline (enhancing #Ammonia clearance and reducing blood #Lactate, as well as increasing #Arginine bioavailability for adequate NO production); - (3) supplementation of #Glutamine (primary source for neurotransmitters and immune function balancing); - (4) supplementation of antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine or NAD + (redox balance); - (5) supplementation of #Arginine (targeting endothelial dysfunction in Long-COVID)
• [1.5] [#Autism] 
  - FMT could exhibit a recovery effect on the serum levels of #Serotonin, #GABA, and DA in the ASD cohort, which means that FMT might be an effective technique in regulating neurotransmitters via the MGB axis
• [1.6] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - #Acetate regulate the release of neurotransmitters including #Glutamate, #Glutamine, and γ-amino butyric acid in the hypothalamus and increase the neuropeptide expression. - #Acetate, as a signaling metabolite that can enhance the maturation of microglia, maintain the homeostatic metabolic state, and regulate microglial phagocytosis and AD pathological progression during neurodegeneration
• [1.7] [#Multiple Sclerosis] 
  - #Tryptamine is a neuromodulator with antioxidant characteristics that is produced when commensal bacteria break down #Tryptophan. - Deficits in #Tryptophan-derived neurotransmitters like #Serotonin and #Melatonin, which are both essential for #Sleep, are frequently linked to MS comorbidities, including #Depression
• [1.8] 
  - #Butanoic acid operates as a powerful inhibitor of histone deacetylase in the regulations of the neurotransmitters #Norepinephrine, #Dopamine, and epinephrine, and also modulates the inflammatory and oxidative conditions of intestinal mucosa.
• [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] - SCFAs do not act as a neuroactive substances class, but they play a pivotal role in preserving neurotransmitters
• [1.9] [#Bacteroides ovatus, #Bacteroides uniformis, #Bacteroides vulgatus] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] 
  - the size of the left nucleus accumbens were dominated by Bacteroides species, especially B. vulgatus, B. uniformis, and B. ovatus. B. ovatus has been shown to produce a number of neuroactive compounds including SCFAs and neurotransmitters such as γ-aminobutyric acid (#GABA)

References Notes