Taurine {60000060} Record Keys Parent:[ ] Definition:Taurine Queue:[ ] Details Initialisation date:2020-09-22 Specification: - 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid - It is a major constituent of bile - Reduce the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 and lipids in HepG2 cellsSource: Fish, Meat, Breast milk, Raw diets, Energy drinks Meta Information Structural Type:Amino acid Functional Type:Neurotransmitter Function:Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Anti-atherosclerosis, Neurodevelopment, Energy source, Microbiome modulator Notes: - Lower levels of another weak GABAA agonist (and a potent glycine receptor agonist), namely taurine, are found in a subset of individuals with ASD (1)Shared Reference Notes [1.1] [#Klebsiella pneumoniae] - Prior gut infection increases the microbiota’s resistance to subsequent infection. - Sulfide sequestration unleashes endogenous respirers in the gut microbiota. - After infection by K. pneumoniae, the level of the molecule taurine rises in the gut. - Taurine is produced from the metabolism of bile acids. . After infection, resident bacteria that can use taurine become more common in the gut. [1.2] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] [#High satureted fat diet] - Diet rich in high saturated fats promotes chronic inflammation. - One explanation is that the amino acid taurine, present in saturated fats, linked to #Bile Acids, seems to increase substrate availability for sulfur-reducing bacteria like #Bilophila wadsworthia, highly prevalent in the dysbiotic microbiota of IBD patients. [1.3] - #Castalagin induced metabolic changes > resulting in an increase in taurine conjugated #Bile Acids. Oral supplementation of #Castalagin following fecal microbiota transplantation from ICI-refractory patients into mice supported anti-PD-1 activity. [1.4] - free taurine has a largely protective impact on the host, serves as a source of energy for microbiota, regulates bacterial colonization and defends from pathogens. - Taurine is also crucial as a molecule used to conjugate #Bile Acids (BAs). In the gastrointestinal tract, BAs deconjugation by enteric bacteria results in high levels of unconjugated BAs and free taurine. [1.5] [#Clostridium difficile associated disease] [#Clostridioides difficile] [#Bile Acids] - Taurine conjugates inhibit growth less, while #Glycine conjugates and deconjugated BAs are much more toxic to C. difficile. [#Bile Acids] - #Lactobacillaceae BSHs display a clear bias for either #Glycine or taurine-conjugated BAs. [1.6] - At a cellular level, taurine improved many functions that usually decline with age: The supplement decreased the number of “zombie cells” (old cells that should die but instead linger and release harmful substances), increased survival after telomerase deficiency, increased the number of stem cells present in some tissues (which can help tissues heal after injury), improved the performance of mitochondria, reduced DNA damage, and improved the cells‘ ability to sense nutrients. [1.7] - Decreased levels of serum taurine have been observed in patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/#Chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). - The depleted levels observed in long COVID-19 phase could explain at least in part the fatigue, since taurine has multiple roles in skeletal muscle, the central nervous system, and energy metabolism. - taurine levels were increased in post-COVID-19 patients, suggesting hepatic injury, hepatotoxicity, or muscle damage. [#Covid-19] - (1) supplementation of taurine (reducing musculoskeletal disorders); - (2) supplementation of #Citrulline (enhancing #Ammonia clearance and reducing blood #Lactate, as well as increasing #Arginine bioavailability for adequate NO production); - (3) supplementation of #Glutamine (primary source for #Neurotransmitters and immune function balancing); - (4) supplementation of antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine or NAD + (redox balance); - (5) supplementation of #Arginine (targeting endothelial dysfunction in Long-COVID) [#Covid-19] - Taurine and #Spermidine were found significantly decreased in the long COVID phase. [1.8] - #Bilophila wadsworthia is one of the most important taurine utilizers in humans. [#Treponema medium] [#Hydrogen sulfide] - Complete utilization of taurine as electron acceptor in modified #Desulfovibrio liquid medium with electron donors #Lactate and #Pyruvate in excess resulted in production of nearly quantitative amounts of H2S and excess #Acetate [#Taurinivorans muris] - Colonization of T. muris in gnotobiotic mice increased deconjugation of taurine-conjugated #Bile Acids and transcriptional activity of a #Sulfur metabolism gene-encoding prophage in other commensals, and slightly decreased the abundance of #Salmonella enterica - #Taurinivorans muris feeds exclusively on taurine > #Hydrogen sulfide [1.9] [#Alzheimer’s disease] [#Fecal Microbiota Transplantation] - the free amino acid taurine was decreased in the hippocampus of Alzheimer’s-FMT rats. - Taurine administration has repeatedly been shown to increase hippocampal neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation, survival and neurogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. [#Diabetes Type 1] [#Bile Acids, #Deoxycholic acid] - stool concentrations of secondary BAs, particularly UDCA, DCA, HDCA, and their #Glycine and/or taurine conjugates, were downregulated in P2Ab versus P1Ab and/or CTR groups. [1.11] [#Secondary bile acids] - BAs serve as signaling molecules with the ability to bind to receptors such as farnesoid X receptor (FXR), Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and more. - Each BA is able to bind with multiple receptor types with varying degrees of effec.t. - #Bile Acids can be conjugated with #Glycine, taurine, and to a lesser studied extent, other amino acids, which can affect the ability of BAs to act as substrates for specific receptors in the body. [1.12] [#Lactobacillus plantarum] [#Lead] - L. plantarum CCFM8661 alleviate Pb toxicity by changing microbiota and metabolites > increase of #Bifidobacterium and decrease of #Bilophila > Increased metabolites include taurine and #Xanthine in colon, #Lauric acid in serum. [1.13] [#Parkinson’s Disease] - taurine-conjugated #Bile Acids correlated with the severity of motor symptoms, while low levels of sulfated taurolithocholate were associated with PD incidence in the general population [1.14] [#Alzheimer’s disease] - AD patients > DCA and its conjugated forms with #Glycine and taurine increased, and #Deoxycholic acid was associated with decreased cognitive abilitiesReferences Notes [1.16]
