Polyamine ⇒ Spermidine {90000395}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Polyamine] 
  - Amino acids that reach the colon are converted by the microbiome to polyamines or #Indole derivates. - The most common polyamines are #Putrescine, spermidine, and #Spermine, which play important roles in cell growth, proliferation, and migration.
• [1.2] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - In AD, the levels of #Putrescine are increased by 70 percent. At the same time, spermidine concentration is decreased in the temporal cortex of AD patients.
• [#Christensenella] - in neurodegenerative disease > Christensenalia has the highest PS for spermidine I and spermidine III synthesis pathway
• [#Parkinson’s Disease] - spermidine was significantly reduced in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with PD and #Multiple system atrophy (MSA)
• [#Parkinson’s Disease] - In the case of PD, the concentrations of #Putrescine, #N1-acetylspermidine, and #Putrescine spermidine-1 were found to be increased.
• - in humans, #Polyamines are found in the form of #Putrescine, spermidine and #Spermine
• -In these neurodegenerative diseases > increased population of microbes that lacks the pathway for producing spermidine.
• - spermidine > neuroprotective compound
• [1.3] 
  - #Putrescine, spermidine and #Spermine, given individually, were found to disrupt BBB integrity within 15 min of i.c.v. administration
• [1.4] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - Elevated spermidine plasma levels are associated with advanced brain #Aging and might serve as potential early biomarker for AD and vascular brain pathology.
• [1.5] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - spermidine-induced autophagy slows the rate of cognitive decline due to its ability to clear #Amyloid-beta plaques in the brain.
• [#Cancer] - Spermidine specifically interferes with the tumour cell cycle, resulting in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and suppression of tumor growth. - it also triggers autophagy by regulating key oncologic pathways.
• - Dietary intake of spermidine reduces the risk of neurodegeneration, metabolic diseases, heart ailments, and #Cancer.
• - Spermidine-mediated autophagy inhibits activation of apoptosis in #Cancer cells and is associated with tissue development and cell differentiation
• [1.6] [#Covid-19] 
  - #Taurine and spermidine were found significantly decreased in the long COVID phase.
• [1.7] 
  - Through autophagy stimulation, spermidine and #Spermine can alleviate #Oxidative stress and promote cellular longevity. Furthermore, - these promote tight junction protein, intestinal repair, and mucus secretion, all of which improve intestinal epithelial barrier function
• [1.8] [#Multiple Sclerosis] 
  - In Ms > A significant decrease in spermidine synthase by the gut microbiota, as well as a decrease in components of the norspermidine biosynthesis pathway in the saliva was observed.
• - Spermidine is a polyamide involved in cell proliferation, and has regulatory properties

References Notes