Sugar {51111159}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - The abundance of the mucus-degrading bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides fragilis was increased. - Bacteria-derived mucolytic enzymes were enriched leading to erosion of the colonic mucus layer of sugar-fed mice. - Sugar-induced exacerbation of colitis was not observed when mice were treated with antibiotics or maintained in a germ-free environment, suggesting that altered microbiota played a critical role in sugar-induced colitis pathogenesis.
• [1.2] [#Ulcerative Colitis] [#Plant-based diet] 
  - A positive association between a “high sugar and soft drinks” pattern and UC risk - When considering the foods most associated with the pattern, high consumers of sugar and soft drinks were at higher UC risk only if they had low vegetables intakes.
• [1.3] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] 
  - A sugar-rich diet favors the increase of #Akkermansia muciniphila, a mucolytic bacterium. The mucus layer separates luminal bacteria from intestinal epithelium: A thinner mucus layer allows bacteria to come in contact with the epithelial cells, eliciting an inflammatory response.
• - A sugar-rich diet increases the percentage of pro-inflammatory Sutterellaceae and Marinilabiliaceae, which induce bowel inflammation, and reduce bacteria with anti-inflammatory properties like Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillaceae, able to produce the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate, the main anergy source of enterocytes.
• [1.4] 
  - #Butyrate inhibits gut microbiome #Bacteroides - #Butyrate inhibition depends on which sugar a given #Bacteroides strain uses - Core genome variation in Acyl-CoA enzymes mediates #Butyrate defense - Each #Bacteroides unique fitness landscape unpredictable by interaction of ecosystem parts
• [1.5] [#Prediabetes] [#High Fat Diet] 
  - microbiota protects against development of #Obesity, #Metabolic syndrome, and pre-diabetic phenotypes by inducing commensal-specific Th17 cells. - High-fat, high-sugar diet promoted metabolic disease by depleting Th17-inducing microbes, and recovery of commensal Th17 cells restored protection. - Diet-induced loss of protective Th17 cells was mediated by the presence of sugar. - Eliminating sugar from high-fat diets protected mice from #Obesity and #Metabolic syndrome in a manner dependent on commensal-specific Th17 cells. - Sugar and ILC3 promoted outgrowth of #Faecalibaculum rodentium that displaced Th17-inducing microbiota.
• [1.6] [#Mediterranean Ketogen Diet] 
  - MMKD had higher relative abundances of dietary metabolites found in high-fat dairy products, including cheddar cheese, low-sugar fruits like cherries, and low-sugar vegetables including #Broccoli
• [1.7] 
  - high sugar conditions directly limit murine and human colonoid development, which is associated with a reduction in the expression of proliferative genes, ATP levels and the accumulation of #Pyruvate. - Treatment of colonoids to force #Pyruvate into the #Tauro-cholic acid cycle, restored their growth. - high sugar diet led to massive irreparable damage that was independent of the colonic microbiota and its metabolites. Analyses on crypt cells.
• [1.8] [#Carbohydrate diet] 
  - carbohydrate-rich diets, including dietary fiber and simple sugars, belong to the #Prevotella enterotype.
• [1.9] [#Diabetes Type 2] 
  - despite the sugar used in the fermentation process of #Kombucha, daily consumption did not raise #Fasting blood glucose levels to unhealthy levels in diabetics.
• [#Prevotella copri] [#Western-style diet] - The Western diet is a high-fat, high-sugar, and low-fiber die significantly reduced the abundance of P. copri.
• [1.11] [#Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder] 
  - sugar restriction alone does not improve ADHD
• [1.12] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Sugar-sweetened beverage] 
  - high intake of sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage (SSCB) was more associated with the prevalence of #Depression. - the risk of depressive symptom significantly increased proportionally to SSCB consumption. - The effects appeared to be the same between those with pre-diabetic risk and those with normal blood sugar — which suggests insulin resistance or blood sugar levels don’t appear to play a part in determining risk for #Depression symptoms.
• [1.13] [#Oscillibacter valericigenes] [#High Fat Diet] 
  - expansion of O. valericigenes > mice fed a high fat, high sugar diet > inflammatory macrophages with a very similar signature in the adipose tissue.
• [1.14] [#Alzheimer’s disease, #Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, #Multiple Sclerosis, #Parkinson’s Disease] 
  - #Ferulic acid (FA), which occurs naturally as the feruloylated sugar ester in grains, fruits, and vegetables, is critical for combating #Oxidative stress and alleviating neurodegenerative diseases resulting from free radical-generated protein aggregates in brain cells. - #Ferulic acid esterases (FAE) of the gut microbiota are critical enzymes that facilitate FA release from feruloylated sugar ester conjugates and influence systemic health.
• [1.15] [#Akkermansia muciniphila] [#Sugar-sweetened beverage] 
  - sweet consumption was positively associated with the prevalence of A. muciniphila.
• [1.16] 
  - feeding dietary simple sugars like #Glucose and #Fructose would enhance the abundance of #Akkermansia.
• [#Depression, #Schizophrenia] - Dietary sugars, like #Fructose and #Glucose, are associated with psychosis-related higher brain dysfunction

References Notes