Branched-chain amino acids {90000344}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Multiple Sclerosis] 
  - decreased levels of BCAAs in the blood are negative signs linked with abnormal energetic metabolism for MS prognosis.
• [1.2] 
  - BCAAs valine, leucine, and isoleucine are possible biomarkers in human carcinogens owing to their requirement in cancer cell growth and tumor progression. - BCAAs are involved in carcinogenesis and metabolic disorders, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D), sports supplements with these amino acids might improve strenuous training.
• [1.3] [#Branched short-chain fatty acids, #Isobutyric acid, #Isovaleric acid] [#High-protein diet] 
  - Both isobutyric and isovaleric acids are BSCFAs, which are produced by fermentation of branched-chain amino acids by intestinal flora. Milk and dairy products are unique dietary sources of BCFAs. - Higher levels of BCFAs are produced when eating a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet
• [#Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), #Pregnancy] [#Short Chain Fatty Acid] In GDM: - Isobutyric, isovaleric, valeric, and hexanoic acids were significantly higher in the GDM. - #Isobutyric acid significantly correlated with urea and blood glucose at 1 and 2 hours after OGTT; fasting blood glucose, blood glucose at 2 hours after OGTT. - urea/creatinine ratio positively correlated with #Valeric acid. - blood glucose at 2 hours after OGTT positively correlated with #Caproic acid. - white blood cell count positively correlated with #Propionic acid. - Significantly elevated #Isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid in pregnant women with GDM may be associated with insulin resistance caused by BCFAs.
• [1.4] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Prevotella copri] 
  - In individuals with insulin resistance, BCAA levels were high, according to metabolomic analysis. - These levels were attributed, at least in part, to the overabundance of P. copri in the gut microbiome of these patients. - Mice developed insulin resistance and a high BCAAs level when orally administered P. copri.
• [#Prevotella copri] - P. copri to easily adapt to the type of nutrients available in the gut: while some strains can degrade carbohydrates and fibers, others can biosynthesize branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) from meat-based diets.
• [#Prevotella copri] [#Lipopolysaccharide] - P. copri can synthesize BCAAs, lipopolysaccharides, and #Tryptophan.
• [1.5] [#Metabolic associated fatty liver disease] [#Bacteroides stercoris] 
  - higher hepatic lipid accumulation was only observed in the mice gavaged with live B. stercoris, which was accompanied by the significantly higher levels of fecal BCAAs.
• [#Metabolic associated fatty liver disease] [#Bacteroides stercoris] - the abundance of B. stercoris in human participants was also found to positively correlate with BCAAs (statistically significant for #Valine), and targeted measures of BCAAs in the monoculture supernatant of live B. stercoris substantiated its BCAA-releasing activity.
• [#Metabolic associated fatty liver disease] [#Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, #Resistant starch] - FMT > transfer of RS-altered microbiota into mice alleviated NAFLD, the colonic levels of BCAAs were also decreased
• [#Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatohepatitis, #Metabolic associated fatty liver disease] [#Resistant starch] - 4-month RS intervention in humans could significantly reduce the serum levels of BCAAs. - serum BCAAs were positively correlated with IHTC, ALT, AST, and GGT > direct influence of BCAAs on hepatic steatosis and thus NAFLD pathogenesis.
• [1.6] 
  - BCAA derivatives are reported to promote G-protein phosphorylation, and abnormalities in GPCR-mediated neuronal signaling can contribute to #Seizure susceptibility.
• [1.7] 
  - Fecal samples can be a non-invasive method to measure the BCAA content in the gut. - BCAAs are often absorbed by intestinal tissues and transported throughout the body, fecal analysis may only give rough quantity estimates and no tissue or function-specific information. - BCAAs would need to be extracted from GI tract samples. - BCAA levels have also been commonly measured in the blood samples

References Notes