Gluten {90000182}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - Subspecies of the #Rothia genus have been identified as playing a critical role in the degradation of gluten within the mouth and upper gastrointestinal tract. - Gluten proteins are difficult to digest by mammalian proteolytic enzymes and recent studies have highlighted microorganism derived enzymes which aid in breaking down these proteins. - #Rothia spp., contain not only the enzymes necessary for protein degradation but also have enzymes that target the immunogenic epitopes that play a crucial role in #Celiac Disease.
• [1.2] 
  - CD14 seropositivity is responsible for three times increase in the risk of having #Schizophrenia in comparison to control group. The same CD14 seropositivity was associated with gluten antibodies in newly diagnosed patients with #Schizophrenia
• [1.3] [#Celiac Disease] 
  - Extracellular proteins from #Streptococcus pneumoniae and #Granulicatella sp. displayed a strong sequence, structural and physical similarities of the two most relevant gluten pathogenic peptides (#Gliadin peptides), the 33-mer and p31-43 #Gliadin peptides.
• [1.4] [#Celiac Disease] 
  - #Bacillus subtilis LZU-GM was isolated from Pakistani traditional fermented sourdough and could degrade 73.7% of gluten in 24 h in vitro. - The gluten degradation was 3-fold higher in the small intestine of the strain LZU-GM treated mice group. - gluten-treated mice established positive antigliadin antibodies (AGA) in serum (IgA, IgG, and anti-TG2 antibodies) as compared to the strain LZU-GM treatment group. - the number of IFN-γ, TNF-α, #IL-10, and COX-2 cells decrease in the lamina propria of the strain LZU-GM treatment group. - Microbial community bar plot analysis showed that #Lactobacillus, #Dubosiella, and #Enterococcus genera were restored and stabilized in the LZU-GM treatment group while #Blautia and #Ruminococcus were found lower.
• [1.5] [#High Fat Diet, #Low Fat Diet] 
  - gluten, when added to the LFD, increases circulating #C-reactive protein levels. - Gluten regardless of whether it was added to LFD or HFD led to a profound increase in the number of microglia and astrocytes in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, as detected by immunohistochemistry for ionised calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), respectively.
• [1.6] 
  - #Lactobacillus spp., which was prevalent in healthy controls’ microbiota, splitted gluten peptides, thus reducing their immunogenicity
• [1.7] 
  - Non-responsive #Celiac Disease (NRCD) poses a challenge for clinicians due to the persistence of symptoms despite maintaining a gluten-free diet (GFD).
• [1.8] [#Celiac Disease] 
  - Gluten-derived peptides signal through MYD88-dependent activation of the CXCR3 receptor to promote secretion of #IL-8 and upregulation of paracellular permeability in the epithelium via #Zonulin release.
• [1.9] [#Inflamatory bowel disease] [#Alcohol Consumption, #Dark chocolate, #Meat-based diet] 
  - diet with citrus fruit, processed meat, gluten, chocolate, #Coffee, and alcoholic beverages are pointed out as dietary risk factors for both #Migraine and IBD in several studies
• [#Tryptophan] - a Trp rich diet was able to shift the gut microbial composition of mice toward the increased abundance of bacteria able to produce #AHR ligands such as #Lactobacillus and #Ruminococcus gnavus, thus reducing gluten immunopathology.

References Notes