Polyamine ⇒ Putrescine {90000396}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Polyamine] 
  - Amino acids that reach the colon are converted by the microbiome to polyamines or #Indole derivates. - The most common polyamines are putrescine, #Spermidine, and #Spermine, which play important roles in cell growth, proliferation, and migration.
• [1.2] [#Bacteroides-Prevotella group, #Clostridium III] 
  - in neurodegenerative disease > #Streptococcus, #Shigella, #Desulfovibrio, Christensenelia, and #Akkermansia muciniphila have the putrescine III synthesis pathway and belong to the elevated microbes group.
• - in neurodegenerative disease > The microbes with elevated populations, like #Bilophila, Butryicicoccus, #Alistipes, #Enterococcus, #Lactobacillus, #Streptococcus, #Shigella, and #Desulfovibrio, have the metabolic capability to produce putrescine majorly by the putrescine III biosynthesis pathway.
• [#Alzheimer’s disease] - In AD, the levels of putrescine are increased by 70 percent. At the same time, #Spermidine concentration is decreased in the temporal cortex of AD patients.
• - in neurodegenerative disease > #Shigella, #Lactobacillus, and #Streptococcus are such microbes with elevated populations and the highest PS for the putrescine III biosynthetic pathway.
• [#Parkinson’s Disease] - In the case of PD, the concentrations of putrescine, #N1-acetylspermidine, and putrescine #Spermidine-1 were found to be increased.
• - in humans, #Polyamines are found in the form of putrescine, #Spermidine and #Spermine
• [1.3] 
  - Putrescine, #Spermidine and #Spermine, given individually, were found to disrupt BBB integrity within 15 min of i.c.v. administration
• [1.4] [#Anorexia nervosa] 
  - The increase in putrescine levels in the long COVID phase may be an indicator of increased protein degradation to help fuel #Pyruvate metabolism.

References Notes