Polyamine ⇒ Spermine {90000266}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] [#Diabetes Type 2] [#Acyl-alkyl phosphatidylcholines] 
  - spermine, acyl-alkyl #Sphingomyelin, #Hydroxy sphingomyelin, and #Sphingomyelin were associated with incident type 2 diabetes in obese individuals after the adjustment for risk factors and correction of multiple comparisons by Bonferroni method.
• [1.2] [#Polyamine] 
  - Amino acids that reach the colon are converted by the microbiome to polyamines or #Indole derivates. - The most common polyamines are #Putrescine, #Spermidine, and spermine, which play important roles in cell growth, proliferation, and migration.
• [1.3] 
  - in humans, #Polyamines are found in the form of #Putrescine, #Spermidine and spermine
• [1.4] 
  - #Putrescine, #Spermidine and spermine, given individually, were found to disrupt BBB integrity within 15 min of i.c.v. administration
• [1.5] 
  - Through autophagy stimulation, #Spermidine and spermine can alleviate #Oxidative stress and promote cellular longevity. Furthermore, - these promote tight junction protein, intestinal repair, and mucus secretion, all of which improve intestinal epithelial barrier function
• [1.6] [#Colitis] 
  - macrophages produce large amounts of the polyamines spermidine and spermine via the mTORC1 signaling pathway. - These polyamines were taken up by the epithelial cells, leading to a switch in their cell metabolism, promoting their proliferation and strengthening their defense mechanisms. - Spermine in particular had a major stimulatory effect on the proliferation of colon cells. I - this mTORC1 activation and #Polyamine production had a protective effect against inflammatory bowel injury in animal models. - Polyamines especially spermidine have been heavily researched for some time as studies show that these substances can prolong life and slow down the aging process.

References Notes