Urolithins {90000116}

Shared Reference Notes

• [1.1] 
  - An interesting increase in urolithins was observed in the MedD group. - Urolithins are gut microbial metabolites of ellagitannins. - Dietary sources of these polyphenols are berries, pomegranate and walnuts. - Urolithin A improve intestinal barrier function in a preclinical model. - Urolithin is involved in the prevention of prostate, endometrial and breast cancer in vitro. - Urolithin levels is negatively correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors such as triglycerides and BMI.
• [1.2] 
  - #Gordonibacter genus and #Clostridium coccoides group are responsible for the generation of urolithins by the metabolism of #Ellagic acid
• [1.3] [#Multiple Sclerosis] 
  - in non-disease-active cases, #Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and #Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens, whose absolute abundance was enriched. - These bacteria are known to produce anti-inflammatory metabolites including butyrate and urolithin.
• [1.4] 
  - #Tannins can also impact gut microbiota as they can convert ellagitannins found in triphala herbal formulations into urolithin metabolites, which may be responsible for some health benefits received from dietary consumption of #Nuts and berries
• [1.5] [#Ellagitannins] 
  - Ellagic tannins, in pomegranate and grape, are not bioavailable but intestinal microbes can convert them into urolithins with antioxidant activity and preventive effects for chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases
• [1.6] [#Alzheimer’s disease] 
  - microbial-derived urolithins are neuroprotective and pomegranate’s anti- AD’s neuroprotective ability was attributed to the production of microbial-derived urolithins.
• [#Urolithin A] - #Eggerthellaceae family, is essential to produce the final urolithin metabolite isourolithin A
• [#Ellagitannins] - microbial-derived urolithins have potent anti-inflammatory effects. In human colonic fibroblasts, urolithins, but not their ellagitannin precursor, inhibited nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) translocation into the nucleus and consequent activation of downstream inflammatory events.
• [#Gordonibacter pamelaeae] [#Ellagitannins] - The urolithins are an important class of bioactive microbial metabolites derived from ellagitannin and #Ellagic acid precursors. - Several bacterial species have been identified that produce their intermediate metabolites including #Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens and G. pamelaeae.
• [1.7] [#Otitis Media] 
  - An oral supply of #Urolithin A was shown to counteract myeloperoxidase activity and inflammation within the ear
• [1.8] [#Cognitive impairment] [#Polyphenols] 
  - #Gordonibacter pamelaeae, also has a unique metabolism that may affect the brain, as it can metabolize the polyphenol #Ellagic acid (found in pomegranates and some berries) into urolithin, which has been shown in some studies to have a neuroprotective effect
• [1.9] [#Urolithin A] 
  - #Enterocloster spp. and the uroC dehydroxylase (ucd) operon as main contributors to uroA production.

References Notes